Difference between revisions of "Project FUBELT"

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'''Project FUBELT''' is a cryptonym which refers to CIA operations to prevent [[Salvador Allende]]'s rise to power before his confirmation and to promote a military coup in Chile.
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''See also: [[Chile/1973 coup d'état]]''<br>
 +
'''Project FUBELT''' (also known as '''Track II''') is the [[codename]] for the secret [[Central Intelligence Agency]] operations that were to prevent [[Salvador Allende]]'s rise to power before his confirmation and to promote a military coup in Chile.<ref name="Smith, Jr.">Smith, Jr., W. Thomas (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jc9wBsImOIC&pg=PA105 "FUBELT, Project". Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency.] New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 105. ISBN 9781438130187. Retrieved January 2, 2015</ref> This project came after the circumstantial failure of Track I, which involved making president [[Eduardo Frei Montalva|Eduardo Frei Montlava]] interfere with the 1970 national election in opposition to Allende.
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The highlights of Project FUBELT are cited in declassified [[Federal government of the United States|US government]] documents released by the [[National Security Archive]] on September 11, 1998, 25 years after the coup, as well as in papers uncovered by a 1975 [[US Congress|congressional]] inquiry.
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 +
CIA [[memorandum|memoranda]] and reports on Project FUBELT include meetings between [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Henry Kissinger]] and CIA officials, CIA cables to its [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] station, and summaries of secret action in 1970, detailing decisions and operations to undermine the [[1970 Chilean presidential election|election of Salvador Allende]] in September 1970 and to promote a military coup.
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In November 1970, after the failure of the operation with the killing of general [[René Schneider|René Shneider]], the [[US National Security Council]] issued [[National Security Decision Memorandum|National Security Decision Memorandum 93]], which replaced FUBELT.<ref name="Turner">Turner, Michael A. (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7KDYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 "Fubelt (Operation)". Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence] (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 108. ISBN 9780810878907. Retrieved December 12, 2014.</ref>
 +
 
 +
== Background ==
 +
The US was particularly interested in the election of [[Salvador Allende]] because of his Marxist ideologies. Taking place during the [[Cold War]] and after the [[Cuban Revolution]], then US president [[Richard Nixon]] was worried that Chile would become another communist link in Latin America. He authorized the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] to involve itself in the Chilean national election of 1970.<ref> Kornbluh/Devine (2014). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24483316?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=%22nixon%22+%22allende%22&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522nixon%2522%2B%2522allende%2522&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_phrase_search%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A8ed4da5ccce1a2cc20c9fb356d8016dc&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents "Showdown in Santiago: What Really Happened in Chile?"]. Foreign Affairs. 93: 168–174 – via JSTOR</ref> There were two plans in this involvement, Track I and Track II. After the circumstantial failure of Track I, Project FUBELT, being Track II, was pursued.
 +
 
 +
== Plan ==
 +
The operation itself was aimed at creating a ‘coup-climate’ in which a coup would best take place. This, as ordered by Richard Nixon, authorized $10 million to the CIA to conduct this operation.<ref>Reiter, Dan; Stam, Allan C. (2002). Democracies at War. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08949-2.</ref>. Several days after Nixon’s 15 September directive to create a coup in Chile, the CIA began to plan economic, political, and psychological warfare tactics to create a climate in which a coup would thrive.<ref>[https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2020-09-15/extreme-option-overthrow-allende "'Extreme Option: Overthrow Allende']  National Security Archive". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-06</ref>
 +
 
 +
Then commander in chief, [[René Schneider|Gen. René Shneider]], stood in the way of this operation because he was a constitutionalist and thus did not support a coup to overthrow Allende. As part of the plan to dispel any obstacles by Shneider, the CIA hired retired General Robert Viaux, active [[Camilo Valenzuela|General Camilo Valenzuela]], and Admiral Hugo Tirado to kidnap René Shneider. This kidnapping was part of a longer plan by the CIA which includes:
 +
 
 +
* Kidnapping General René Shneider
 +
* Secretly flying Shneider to Argentina
 +
* Replacing Shneider with a coup supporter
 +
* Military would declare that kidnapping was the doing of Allende supporters
 +
* Declare martial law
 +
* Sweep through majority-lower-class areas where Allende’s supporters resided, wiping out opposition
 +
* Declaring elections null
 +
 
 +
Attached to this plan was a request for $50,000 to pay the three individuals who were going to kidnap Shneider. It is worth noting that there was no plan by the CIA to conduct a subsequent democratic election after this plan took place.
 +
 
 +
On October 22, the group of CIA-hired individuals attempted to kidnap the general, but instead ended up shooting him. He was taken to the military hospital in [[Santiago]] where he succumbed to his wounds three days later.<ref name=":0">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCNxYVCMzoM The U.S. and the Overthrow of the Chilean Government: A Declassified Dossier (2003)], retrieved 2021-11-06</ref>
 +
 
 +
== Chilean reaction ==
 +
The Chilean people were shocked by the attempted kidnapping and subsequent killing of General Shneider. This was used as a motivating force for the Chilean public to overwhelmingly support Chilean constitutionalism, and thus support the election of Allende on 3 November 1970.<ref name=":0" />
 +
 
 +
== Continued US operations ==
 +
In the face of overwhelming discontent from Chileans for the assassination of Shneider, the three hired to go through with the coup backed out. Two of three of these individuals were arrested in conspiracy, and the other, Hugo Tirado, was paid $35,000.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82588&page=1 "CIA Admits Involvement in Chile"]. ABC News. Retrieved 2021-11-06.</ref>
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 +
After the failure of Project FUBELT to create a coup before the election of Allende, the US State Department suggested that the US should accept Allende’s election and work toward his defeat in the 1976 election. Nixon’s national security advisor, [[Henry Kissinger]], instead encouraged a more forceful reaction by the US. Kissinger justifies this by claiming that Allende will try to swindle the US, saying that Allende wants to “...Be internationally respectable, move cautiously and pragmatically, avoid immediate confrontation with [the US], move slowly in formalizing relations with Cuba and other socialist countries...”.<ref name="nsarchive.gwu.edu">[https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/ "Home | National Security Archive".] nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-06.</ref>
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 +
Kissinger is also quoted telling Nixon, “The election of Allende poses one of the most serious challenges ever faced in this hemisphere, and your decision as to what to do may be the most historic and difficult foreign policy decision you will have to make this year”.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d172 "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXI, Chile, 1969–1973 - Office of the Historian"]. history.state.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-06.</ref>
 +
 
 +
=== Covert Operation Program ===
 +
In response to Kissinger’s forceful approach to dealing with Allende post-Track II failure, the US government went ahead with the ‘Covert Operation Program for Chile’, which was a series of political and psychological warfare tactics aimed at creating disdain and opposition for Allende. The five points to this plan were as follows:
 +
 
 +
* Political action to divide and weaken the Allende coalition;
 +
* Maintaining and enlarging contacts in the Chilean military;
 +
* Providing support to non-Marxist opposition political groups and parties;
 +
* Assisting certain periodicals and using other media outlets in Chile which can speak out against the Allende government; and
 +
* Using selected media outlets to play up Allende’s subversion of the democratic process and involvement by Cuba and the Soviet Union in Chile.<ref name="nsarchive.gwu.edu"/>
 +
 
 +
==Revelations from declassified documents==
 +
Among the revelations in the formerly secret documents were the following:
 +
* Handwritten notes, taken by CIA director [[Richard Helms]], record the orders of President [[Richard Nixon]], to foster a coup in Chile<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch26-01.htm CIA, Notes on Meeting with the President on Chile, September 15, 1970]</ref>
 +
* In the first meeting between Helms and high agency officials on the secret operations codenamed "FUBELT", a special task force under the supervision of CIA [[Director of the National Clandestine Service|Deputy Director for Plans]], [[Thomas Karamessines]], is established, headed by veteran agent [[David Atlee Phillips]]. The memorandum notes that the CIA must prepare an action plan for National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger within 48 hours.<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch03-01.htm CIA, Genesis of Project FUBELT, September 16, 1970]</ref>
 +
* Henry Kissinger, Thomas Karamessines and [[Alexander Haig]] (military assistant to Henry Kissinger), in a meeting on October 15, 1970, discuss promoting a coup in Chile, known as "Track II" of covert operations. Kissinger orders the CIA to "continue keeping the pressure on every Allende weak spot in sight.<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch06-01.htm CIA, Memorandum of Conversation of Meeting with Henry Kissinger, Thomas Karamessines, and Alexander Haig, October 15, 1970]</ref>
 +
* In a secret cable, Thomas Karamessines conveyed Kissinger's orders to CIA station chief in Santiago, [[Henry Hecksher]]: "It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup."<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch05-01.htm CIA, Operating Guidance Cable on Coup Plotting, October 16, 1970]</ref>
 +
* The CIA ran a series of secret operations intended to push President [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] to support "a military coup which would prevent Allende from taking office on 3 November."<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch01-01.htm CIA, Report of CIA Chilean Task Force Activities, 15 September to 3 November 1970, November 18, 1970]</ref>
 +
* After Salvador Allende's election, the United States considered trying to get Chile expelled from the [[Organization of American States]].<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch20-01.htm Department of State, Memorandum for Henry Kissinger on Chile, December 4, 1970]</ref>
 +
* Embassy officers and the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] [[Policy Planning Staff (United States)|Policy Planning office]] called for the cutting off of economic and military assistance to Pinochet's government on human rights grounds, but were overruled by the Ambassador and officials of [[The Pentagon]] and [[United States Department of the Treasury|Treasury Department]].<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch04-01.htm National Security Council, Disarray in Chile Policy, July 1, 1975]</ref>
 +
 
 +
== Repercussions to declassification ==
 +
Many of the CIA documents recounting the events of this operation were released on 11 September 1998. Following this, on 10 September 2001, the relatives of assassinated general René Shneider filed a suit in the Federal Court of Washington DC, accusing Henry Kissinger of orchestrating the assassination of Shneider.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/world/why-the-law-wants-a-word-with-kissinger-20020430-gdf8k1.html "Why the law wants a word with Kissinger".] The Sydney Morning Herald. 2002-04-30. Retrieved 2021-11-06.</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Notes==
 +
{{reflist}}
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 +
==References==
 +
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/nsaebb8i.htm Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973] by [[Peter Kornbluh]], [[National Security Archive]].
 +
* National Security Archive Documents: [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/nsaebb8.htm Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents relating to the Military Coup, 1970-1976]
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{{SMWDocs}}
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{reflist}}
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Latest revision as of 23:06, 14 February 2022

Event.png Project FUBELT  Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
PerpetratorsCIA
InterestsChile/1973 coup d'état
DescriptionCIA operation aimed at creating a ‘coup-climate’ in which a coup would best take place

See also: Chile/1973 coup d'état
Project FUBELT (also known as Track II) is the codename for the secret Central Intelligence Agency operations that were to prevent Salvador Allende's rise to power before his confirmation and to promote a military coup in Chile.[1] This project came after the circumstantial failure of Track I, which involved making president Eduardo Frei Montlava interfere with the 1970 national election in opposition to Allende.

The highlights of Project FUBELT are cited in declassified US government documents released by the National Security Archive on September 11, 1998, 25 years after the coup, as well as in papers uncovered by a 1975 congressional inquiry.

CIA memoranda and reports on Project FUBELT include meetings between United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and CIA officials, CIA cables to its Santiago station, and summaries of secret action in 1970, detailing decisions and operations to undermine the election of Salvador Allende in September 1970 and to promote a military coup.

In November 1970, after the failure of the operation with the killing of general René Shneider, the US National Security Council issued National Security Decision Memorandum 93, which replaced FUBELT.[2]

Background

The US was particularly interested in the election of Salvador Allende because of his Marxist ideologies. Taking place during the Cold War and after the Cuban Revolution, then US president Richard Nixon was worried that Chile would become another communist link in Latin America. He authorized the CIA to involve itself in the Chilean national election of 1970.[3] There were two plans in this involvement, Track I and Track II. After the circumstantial failure of Track I, Project FUBELT, being Track II, was pursued.

Plan

The operation itself was aimed at creating a ‘coup-climate’ in which a coup would best take place. This, as ordered by Richard Nixon, authorized $10 million to the CIA to conduct this operation.[4]. Several days after Nixon’s 15 September directive to create a coup in Chile, the CIA began to plan economic, political, and psychological warfare tactics to create a climate in which a coup would thrive.[5]

Then commander in chief, Gen. René Shneider, stood in the way of this operation because he was a constitutionalist and thus did not support a coup to overthrow Allende. As part of the plan to dispel any obstacles by Shneider, the CIA hired retired General Robert Viaux, active General Camilo Valenzuela, and Admiral Hugo Tirado to kidnap René Shneider. This kidnapping was part of a longer plan by the CIA which includes:

  • Kidnapping General René Shneider
  • Secretly flying Shneider to Argentina
  • Replacing Shneider with a coup supporter
  • Military would declare that kidnapping was the doing of Allende supporters
  • Declare martial law
  • Sweep through majority-lower-class areas where Allende’s supporters resided, wiping out opposition
  • Declaring elections null

Attached to this plan was a request for $50,000 to pay the three individuals who were going to kidnap Shneider. It is worth noting that there was no plan by the CIA to conduct a subsequent democratic election after this plan took place.

On October 22, the group of CIA-hired individuals attempted to kidnap the general, but instead ended up shooting him. He was taken to the military hospital in Santiago where he succumbed to his wounds three days later.[6]

Chilean reaction

The Chilean people were shocked by the attempted kidnapping and subsequent killing of General Shneider. This was used as a motivating force for the Chilean public to overwhelmingly support Chilean constitutionalism, and thus support the election of Allende on 3 November 1970.[6]

Continued US operations

In the face of overwhelming discontent from Chileans for the assassination of Shneider, the three hired to go through with the coup backed out. Two of three of these individuals were arrested in conspiracy, and the other, Hugo Tirado, was paid $35,000.[7]

After the failure of Project FUBELT to create a coup before the election of Allende, the US State Department suggested that the US should accept Allende’s election and work toward his defeat in the 1976 election. Nixon’s national security advisor, Henry Kissinger, instead encouraged a more forceful reaction by the US. Kissinger justifies this by claiming that Allende will try to swindle the US, saying that Allende wants to “...Be internationally respectable, move cautiously and pragmatically, avoid immediate confrontation with [the US], move slowly in formalizing relations with Cuba and other socialist countries...”.[8]

Kissinger is also quoted telling Nixon, “The election of Allende poses one of the most serious challenges ever faced in this hemisphere, and your decision as to what to do may be the most historic and difficult foreign policy decision you will have to make this year”.[9]

Covert Operation Program

In response to Kissinger’s forceful approach to dealing with Allende post-Track II failure, the US government went ahead with the ‘Covert Operation Program for Chile’, which was a series of political and psychological warfare tactics aimed at creating disdain and opposition for Allende. The five points to this plan were as follows:

  • Political action to divide and weaken the Allende coalition;
  • Maintaining and enlarging contacts in the Chilean military;
  • Providing support to non-Marxist opposition political groups and parties;
  • Assisting certain periodicals and using other media outlets in Chile which can speak out against the Allende government; and
  • Using selected media outlets to play up Allende’s subversion of the democratic process and involvement by Cuba and the Soviet Union in Chile.[8]

Revelations from declassified documents

Among the revelations in the formerly secret documents were the following:

  • Handwritten notes, taken by CIA director Richard Helms, record the orders of President Richard Nixon, to foster a coup in Chile[10]
  • In the first meeting between Helms and high agency officials on the secret operations codenamed "FUBELT", a special task force under the supervision of CIA Deputy Director for Plans, Thomas Karamessines, is established, headed by veteran agent David Atlee Phillips. The memorandum notes that the CIA must prepare an action plan for National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger within 48 hours.[11]
  • Henry Kissinger, Thomas Karamessines and Alexander Haig (military assistant to Henry Kissinger), in a meeting on October 15, 1970, discuss promoting a coup in Chile, known as "Track II" of covert operations. Kissinger orders the CIA to "continue keeping the pressure on every Allende weak spot in sight.[12]
  • In a secret cable, Thomas Karamessines conveyed Kissinger's orders to CIA station chief in Santiago, Henry Hecksher: "It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup."[13]
  • The CIA ran a series of secret operations intended to push President Eduardo Frei Montalva to support "a military coup which would prevent Allende from taking office on 3 November."[14]
  • After Salvador Allende's election, the United States considered trying to get Chile expelled from the Organization of American States.[15]
  • Embassy officers and the State Department Policy Planning office called for the cutting off of economic and military assistance to Pinochet's government on human rights grounds, but were overruled by the Ambassador and officials of The Pentagon and Treasury Department.[16]

Repercussions to declassification

Many of the CIA documents recounting the events of this operation were released on 11 September 1998. Following this, on 10 September 2001, the relatives of assassinated general René Shneider filed a suit in the Federal Court of Washington DC, accusing Henry Kissinger of orchestrating the assassination of Shneider.[17]

Notes

  1. Smith, Jr., W. Thomas (2003). "FUBELT, Project". Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 105. ISBN 9781438130187. Retrieved January 2, 2015
  2. Turner, Michael A. (2014). "Fubelt (Operation)". Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 108. ISBN 9780810878907. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
  3. Kornbluh/Devine (2014). "Showdown in Santiago: What Really Happened in Chile?". Foreign Affairs. 93: 168–174 – via JSTOR
  4. Reiter, Dan; Stam, Allan C. (2002). Democracies at War. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08949-2.
  5. "'Extreme Option: Overthrow Allende' National Security Archive". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-06
  6. a b The U.S. and the Overthrow of the Chilean Government: A Declassified Dossier (2003), retrieved 2021-11-06
  7. "CIA Admits Involvement in Chile". ABC News. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  8. a b "Home | National Security Archive". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  9. "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXI, Chile, 1969–1973 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  10. CIA, Notes on Meeting with the President on Chile, September 15, 1970
  11. CIA, Genesis of Project FUBELT, September 16, 1970
  12. CIA, Memorandum of Conversation of Meeting with Henry Kissinger, Thomas Karamessines, and Alexander Haig, October 15, 1970
  13. CIA, Operating Guidance Cable on Coup Plotting, October 16, 1970
  14. CIA, Report of CIA Chilean Task Force Activities, 15 September to 3 November 1970, November 18, 1970
  15. Department of State, Memorandum for Henry Kissinger on Chile, December 4, 1970
  16. National Security Council, Disarray in Chile Policy, July 1, 1975
  17. "Why the law wants a word with Kissinger". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2002-04-30. Retrieved 2021-11-06.

References


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