Difference between revisions of "Bourke Hickenlooper"

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{{person
 
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|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourke_B._Hickenlooper
 
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourke_B._Hickenlooper
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|description=Attended the [[1963 Bilderberg]] as [[Chair of the Senate Republican Policy Committee]]. Introduced the Hickenlooper Amendment.
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|image=Bourke B. Hickenlooper.jpg
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|nationality=American
 
|nationality=American
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|birth_date=1896-07-21
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|birth_place=Blockton, Iowa, U.S.
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|death_date=1971-09-04
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|death_place=Shelter Island, New York, U.S.
 
|constitutes=politician
 
|constitutes=politician
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|spouses=Verna Bensch
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|alma_mater=Iowa State University, University of Iowa
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|birth_name=Gordon Llewellyn Allott
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|political_parties=Republican
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|children=2
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|employment={{job
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|title=Chair of the Senate Republican Policy Committee
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|start=January 3, 1962
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|end=January 3, 1969
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}}{{job
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|title=United States Senator from Iowa
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|start=January 3, 1945
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|end=January 3, 1969
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}}{{job
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|title=Governor of Iowa
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|start=January 14, 1943
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|end=January 11, 1945
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}}{{job
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|title=Lieutenant Governor of Iowa
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|start=January 12, 1939
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|end=January 14, 1943
 
}}
 
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'''Bourke Blakemore Hickenlooper''' was an American attorney and politician from the U.S. state of [[Iowa]]. He was Governor of Iowa from 1943 to 1945. In 1944, he won election to the first of four terms in the [[United States Senate]], where he served until 1969.
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He was the author of the '''Hickenlooper Amendment''', which started the total embargo of [[Cuba]]. The amendment made it almost impossible for foreign governments (democratic, [[communist]] or any other) to make a decision to force through sales or [[nationalization]] of US corporate property, with threats of being locked out of the international trade and finance system. The amendment secured multinational interests, especially in Latin-America.
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==Early life and education==
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Hickenlooper was born in [[Blockton, Iowa|Blockton]] in [[Taylor County, Iowa|Taylor County]] in southwestern Iowa, an only child of a farming couple, Margaret (Blakemore) and Nathan Hickenlooper.<ref>http://uipress.lib.uiowa.edu/bdi/DetailsPage.aspx?id=172</ref><ref>http://iagenweb.org/taylor/obituaries/julia14/Hickenlooper.html</ref> He attended [[Iowa State University]], then Iowa State College in [[Ames, Iowa|Ames]], but his education was interrupted by his service in the United States Army during World War I. In April 1917, Hickenlooper enrolled in the officers' training camp at [[Fort Snelling, Minnesota|Fort Snelling]], Minnesota. He was commissioned a [[second lieutenant]] and assigned to France as a battalion orientation officer.<ref name=bio>''Biographical Directory of the American Congress''</ref>
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After military service, Hickenlooper early in 1919 returned to the United States. In June 1919, he received his bachelor's degree in industrial science from Iowa State. He then enrolled at the [[University of Iowa College of Law]], earning a [[Bachelor of Laws]] in 1922.
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=== U.S. Senate ===
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In 1944, Hickenlooper unseated the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Guy M. Gillette]] in the U.S. Senate election. As a senator from 1945 to 1969, Hickenlooper was among the most conservative and [[isolationism|isolationist]] members of his party. He became the top Republican on the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]], serving alongside longtime Democratic chairman [[J. William Fulbright]] of [[Arkansas]].<ref name="pagefive"> Memorial Addresses and Other Tributes in the Congress of the United States on the Life and Contributions of Bourke B. Hickenlooper, p. 5</ref> In 1967, near the end of his Senate tenure, Hickenlooper and Fulbright were instrumental in the drafting of the [[Consular Treaty]], the first such international agreement between the United States and the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>''Memorial Addresses and Other Tributes in the Congress of the United States on the Life and Contributions of Bourke B. Hickenlooper'', p. 27</ref>
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Hickenlooper was a co-author of the [[Atomic Energy Act of 1954]], which initiated the development of atomic power for peaceful uses.<ref name=mcity>''[[Mason City Globe-Gazette]]'', [[Mason City, Iowa|Mason City]], Iowa, September 8, 1971</ref> He also chaired the Joint Congressional Atomic Energy Committee. In this capacity, Hickenlooper questioned the whereabouts of missing [[uranium]] from an AEC laboratory in [[Illinois]] and urged the removal of AEC chairman [[David Lilienthal]], who claimed no knowledge of the incident. Though the AEC committee declined by a 9 to 8 vote to remove Lilienthal, he nevertheless resigned some six months later, having claimed that his career had been ruined by the mystery of the missing uranium.<ref name=pagefive/>
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In 1958, U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] appointed Hickenlooper as a U.S. representative to the [[United Nations General Assembly]]. In [[1966]], President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] named him to a congressional team to oversee the elections in the Republic of [[South Vietnam]].
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Hickenlooper in time became one of the most powerful Republicans in the Senate, having served from 1962 to 1969 as the [[United States Senate Republican Policy Committee Chairman|Republican Policy Committee chairman]]. In this position, he developed an intense intraparty rivalry with fellow Midwesterner [[Everett McKinley Dirksen]] of Illinois, the Senate Republican leader from 1959 to 1969.<ref>http://www.lib.niu.edu/1996/iht319648.html</ref> Hickenlooper voted in favor of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957|Civil Rights Acts of 1957]] and [[Civil Rights Act of 1960|1960]],<ref>https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s75</ref><ref>https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1960/s284</ref> as well as the [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] and the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]],<ref>https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/87-1962/s226</ref><ref>https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s78</ref> but voted against the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]],<ref>https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409</ref> and did not vote on the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968]] or the confirmation of [[Thurgood Marshall]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]].<ref>https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1968/s346</ref><ref>https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/s176</ref> <ref>http://www.capitalgainsandgames.com/blog/bruce-bartlett/1300/who-opposed-civil-rights-act-1964</ref> Hickenlooper said that his opposition to civil rights legislation was based on a fear that such laws would lead to "bureaucrats snooping into every area of American life."<ref name=pagefive/>
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The next year, Hickenlooper, following Dirksen's leadership, voted with other Northerners in support of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|Immigration Act of 1965]] thus ending the [[National Origins Formula]] of the [[Immigration Act of 1924|quota system]] established in 1921 by [[Emergency Quota Act|emergency]].<ref>https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s232</ref>
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Hickenlooper's grand-nephew is former Governor of Colorado and current US senator [[John Hickenlooper]].<ref>https://www.denverpost.com/2018/12/06/the-spot-denver-politics-are-about-to-take-center-stage-and-whats-coming-in-2019-for-marijuana/</ref>
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==Hickenlooper Amendment==
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The proposed Hickenlooper Amendment, a rider to the 1962 [[foreign aid]] bill, restricted aid not only to communist countries, but to any country that nationalized U.S. corporate property without full compensation (as defined by the US). The amendment was specifically aimed at [[Cuba]], led by [[Fidel Castro]], which had expropriated US-owned and -controlled sugar plantations and refineries, hotels (owned by the [[mafia]]) and other businesses, some of them after ceasing operations in Cuba. The amendment instructed the president to "establish and maintain a total embargo upon all trade between the United States and Cuba."<ref>https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/799</ref>
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The amendment followed the seizure of three US oil companies in Cuba and [[Argentina]]. It was also in response to a ruling of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]], which, in effect, denied the right of an American sugar company to contest the seizure of its holdings by the Cuban government in US courts.<ref name=pagefive/>
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The act was defused, but not repealed in 1973.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/2200194?seq=1</ref>
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==References==
 
==References==
 
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Latest revision as of 07:00, 27 April 2021

Person.png Bourke Hickenlooper  Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
(politician)
Bourke B. Hickenlooper.jpg
BornGordon Llewellyn Allott
1896-07-21
Blockton, Iowa, U.S.
Died1971-09-04 (Age 75)
Shelter Island, New York, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materIowa State University, University of Iowa
Children2
SpouseVerna Bensch
PartyRepublican
Attended the 1963 Bilderberg as Chair of the Senate Republican Policy Committee. Introduced the Hickenlooper Amendment.

Employment.png Chair of the Senate Republican Policy Committee

In office
January 3, 1962 - January 3, 1969

Employment.png United States Senator from Iowa

In office
January 3, 1945 - January 3, 1969

Employment.png Governor of Iowa

In office
January 14, 1943 - January 11, 1945

Employment.png Lieutenant Governor of Iowa

In office
January 12, 1939 - January 14, 1943

Bourke Blakemore Hickenlooper was an American attorney and politician from the U.S. state of Iowa. He was Governor of Iowa from 1943 to 1945. In 1944, he won election to the first of four terms in the United States Senate, where he served until 1969.

He was the author of the Hickenlooper Amendment, which started the total embargo of Cuba. The amendment made it almost impossible for foreign governments (democratic, communist or any other) to make a decision to force through sales or nationalization of US corporate property, with threats of being locked out of the international trade and finance system. The amendment secured multinational interests, especially in Latin-America.

Early life and education

Hickenlooper was born in Blockton in Taylor County in southwestern Iowa, an only child of a farming couple, Margaret (Blakemore) and Nathan Hickenlooper.[1][2] He attended Iowa State University, then Iowa State College in Ames, but his education was interrupted by his service in the United States Army during World War I. In April 1917, Hickenlooper enrolled in the officers' training camp at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. He was commissioned a second lieutenant and assigned to France as a battalion orientation officer.[3]

After military service, Hickenlooper early in 1919 returned to the United States. In June 1919, he received his bachelor's degree in industrial science from Iowa State. He then enrolled at the University of Iowa College of Law, earning a Bachelor of Laws in 1922.

U.S. Senate

In 1944, Hickenlooper unseated the Democrat Guy M. Gillette in the U.S. Senate election. As a senator from 1945 to 1969, Hickenlooper was among the most conservative and isolationist members of his party. He became the top Republican on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, serving alongside longtime Democratic chairman J. William Fulbright of Arkansas.[4] In 1967, near the end of his Senate tenure, Hickenlooper and Fulbright were instrumental in the drafting of the Consular Treaty, the first such international agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union.[5]

Hickenlooper was a co-author of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, which initiated the development of atomic power for peaceful uses.[6] He also chaired the Joint Congressional Atomic Energy Committee. In this capacity, Hickenlooper questioned the whereabouts of missing uranium from an AEC laboratory in Illinois and urged the removal of AEC chairman David Lilienthal, who claimed no knowledge of the incident. Though the AEC committee declined by a 9 to 8 vote to remove Lilienthal, he nevertheless resigned some six months later, having claimed that his career had been ruined by the mystery of the missing uranium.[4]

In 1958, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Hickenlooper as a U.S. representative to the United Nations General Assembly. In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson named him to a congressional team to oversee the elections in the Republic of South Vietnam.

Hickenlooper in time became one of the most powerful Republicans in the Senate, having served from 1962 to 1969 as the Republican Policy Committee chairman. In this position, he developed an intense intraparty rivalry with fellow Midwesterner Everett McKinley Dirksen of Illinois, the Senate Republican leader from 1959 to 1969.[7] Hickenlooper voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960,[8][9] as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965,[10][11] but voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964,[12] and did not vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1968 or the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court.[13][14] [15] Hickenlooper said that his opposition to civil rights legislation was based on a fear that such laws would lead to "bureaucrats snooping into every area of American life."[4]

The next year, Hickenlooper, following Dirksen's leadership, voted with other Northerners in support of the Immigration Act of 1965 thus ending the National Origins Formula of the quota system established in 1921 by emergency.[16]

Hickenlooper's grand-nephew is former Governor of Colorado and current US senator John Hickenlooper.[17]

Hickenlooper Amendment

The proposed Hickenlooper Amendment, a rider to the 1962 foreign aid bill, restricted aid not only to communist countries, but to any country that nationalized U.S. corporate property without full compensation (as defined by the US). The amendment was specifically aimed at Cuba, led by Fidel Castro, which had expropriated US-owned and -controlled sugar plantations and refineries, hotels (owned by the mafia) and other businesses, some of them after ceasing operations in Cuba. The amendment instructed the president to "establish and maintain a total embargo upon all trade between the United States and Cuba."[18]

The amendment followed the seizure of three US oil companies in Cuba and Argentina. It was also in response to a ruling of the US Supreme Court, which, in effect, denied the right of an American sugar company to contest the seizure of its holdings by the Cuban government in US courts.[4]

The act was defused, but not repealed in 1973.[19]


 

Event Participated in

EventStartEndLocation(s)Description
Bilderberg/196329 March 196331 March 1963France
Cannes
Hotel Martinez		The 12th Bilderberg meeting and the second one in France.
Many thanks to our Patrons who cover ~2/3 of our hosting bill. Please join them if you can.


References

  1. ↑ http://uipress.lib.uiowa.edu/bdi/DetailsPage.aspx?id=172
  2. ↑ http://iagenweb.org/taylor/obituaries/julia14/Hickenlooper.html
  3. ↑ Biographical Directory of the American Congress
  4. ↑ a b c d Memorial Addresses and Other Tributes in the Congress of the United States on the Life and Contributions of Bourke B. Hickenlooper, p. 5
  5. ↑ Memorial Addresses and Other Tributes in the Congress of the United States on the Life and Contributions of Bourke B. Hickenlooper, p. 27
  6. ↑ Mason City Globe-Gazette, Mason City, Iowa, September 8, 1971
  7. ↑ http://www.lib.niu.edu/1996/iht319648.html
  8. ↑ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s75
  9. ↑ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1960/s284
  10. ↑ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/87-1962/s226
  11. ↑ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s78
  12. ↑ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409
  13. ↑ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1968/s346
  14. ↑ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/s176
  15. ↑ http://www.capitalgainsandgames.com/blog/bruce-bartlett/1300/who-opposed-civil-rights-act-1964
  16. ↑ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s232
  17. ↑ https://www.denverpost.com/2018/12/06/the-spot-denver-politics-are-about-to-take-center-stage-and-whats-coming-in-2019-for-marijuana/
  18. ↑ https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/799
  19. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/2200194?seq=1
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