Difference between revisions of "Shaker Aamer"

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[[File:ShakerAamerWithChildren.jpg|thumb|350px|Shaker Aamer with his children pictured in 2001]]
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{{person
'''Shaker Aamer''' ''(also known as '''Shaker Abdur-Raheem Aamer''')'' is a Saudi Arabian citizen and the last British resident currently held in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba.<ref>
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|image=ShakerAamerWithChildren.jpg
{{cite web
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|image_width=350px
| url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf
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|image_captionShaker Aamer with his children pictured in 2001=
| title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006
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|victim_of=torture, indefinite detention
| author=OARDEC
+
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaker_Aamer
| publisher=United States Department of Defense
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|spouses=Zin Siddique
| date=May 15, 2006
+
|birth_date=1968-12-12
| accessdate=2007-09-29
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|birth_place=Medina, Saudi Arabia
|format=PDF}}</ref>
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|description=The last UK national to be released from [[Guantanamo Bay]], where he was held for 13 years and subjected to torture after refusing to spy for [[MI5]].
He was  arrested in Afghanistan in January 2002 and has participated in two hunger strikes and spent much of his time held in solitary confinement.<ref>http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/index.php/news/content/view/full/100720</ref>
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|children=children
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|nationality=Saudi
 +
|employment=
 +
}}
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'''Shaker Aamer''' ''(also known as '''Shaker Abdur-Raheem Aamer''')'' is a Saudi Arabian citizen and, until October 2015, was the last UK resident to be held in the [[Guantanamo Bay]] torture/detention camp.
  
According to documents published in the Guantanamo Bay files leak, the U.S. military Joint Task Force Guantanamo believed in November 2007 that Aamer had led a unit of fighters in Afghanistan, including the Battle of Tora Bora, while his family was paid a stipend by Osama bin Laden. The file asserts past associations with Richard Reid and Zacarias Moussaoui.<ref name="willing-to-be-a-martyr">{{cite news
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==Background==
| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8166239/Wikileaks-Shaker-Aamer-willing-to-be-a-martyr.html
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Aamer moved to the United Kingdom in 1996. He married a British woman and has four British children.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4245517.stm "Calls to free Guantanamo father"] BBC, February 8, 2005</ref> Aamer is a British resident and was applying for citizenship.
| title=Wikileaks: Shaker Aamer willing to be 'a martyr'
 
| publisher=The Daily Telegraph
 
| date=April 26, 2011
 
| author=Tim Ross
 
}}</ref><ref name="eluded-US-during-10-year-manhunt">
 
{{cite news
 
| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8488225/How-Osama-bin-Laden-the-worlds-most-wanted-man-eluded-US-during-10-year-manhunt.html
 
| title=How Osama bin Laden, the world's most wanted man, eluded US during 10-year manhunt
 
| publisher=The Daily Telegraph
 
| date=May 2, 2011
 
| author=Gordon Rayner
 
}}</ref> Clive Stafford Smith a human rights lawyer said the leaked documents would not stand up in court and pointed out that part of the evidence comes from an unreliable witness. Mr Aamer’s father-in-law, Saaed Ahmed Siddique, said: "All of these claims have no basis. If any of this was true he would be in a court now."<ref>http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/wandsworthnews/9004962.Shaker_Aamer_family_rubbish_Bin_Laden_link/</ref>
 
  
Aamer was cleared for release by the United States in 2006 but remains in detention. The Reprieve website says: "He has never been charged by the United States with a crime and has never received a trial. However, he has been repeatedly abused and subjected to extended isolation in Guantánamo Bay."<ref name="willing-to-be-a-martyr" /><ref name="eluded-US-during-10-year-manhunt" />
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At the outbreak of the Invasion of Afghanistan Aamer was working for a Saudi charity in Afghanistan.
  
==Background==
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Aamer says that interrogators in Afghanistan, who represented themselves as [[MI5]] officers, told him he had two choices: (1) agree to spy on suspected jihadists in the United Kingdom; or (2) remain in US custody.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fsep%2F06%2Fguantanamo-gun-abuse-cia-mi5&date=2009-09-06</ref>
Aamer moved to the United Kingdom in 1996.  He married a British woman and has four British children.<ref name=Bbc050208>
 
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4245517.stm  Calls to free Guantanamo father], BBC, February 8, 2005</ref> Aamer is a British resident and was applying for citizenship. 
 
  
At the outbreak of the Invasion of Afghanistan Aamer was working for a Saudi charity in Afghanistan.<ref name="Bbc050208"/>
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==Arrest==
 +
Aamer was arrested in Afghanistan in January 2002, participated in two hunger strikes and spent much of his time held in solitary confinement.<ref>http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/index.php/news/content/view/full/100720</ref>
  
Aamer says that interrogators in Afghanistan, who represented themselves as [[MI5]] officers, told him he had two choices: (1) agree to spy on suspected jihadists in the United Kingdom; or (2) remain in US custody.<ref name=TheGuardian2009-09-06>
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In December 2015, Aamer told ''Channel 4 News'' being reunited with his wife Zinneera "washed away the pain of 14 years":
{{cite news
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:"It washed away the tiredness, the agony, the stress. It was like it no longer existed. I hugged her, she hugged me, and we just wept."
| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/06/guantanamo-gun-abuse-cia-mi5
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But he said it will take time to forge a bond with his children, the youngest of whom 13-year-old son Faris was born on the day he arrived at Guantanamo in 2002.
| title='MI5 agent left me alone with gun', says Guantánamo terror detainee
 
| date=2009-09-06
 
| author=Jamie Doward
 
| work=[[The Guardian]]
 
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fsep%2F06%2Fguantanamo-gun-abuse-cia-mi5&date=2009-09-06
 
| archivedate=2009-09-06
 
| location=London
 
}}</ref>
 
  
==Detention issues==
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SNP foreign affairs spokesman [[Alex Salmond]] said the allegation that former Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] and former Foreign Secretary [[Jack Straw]] knew about his "illegal abduction" and "torture" was "not unreasonable". He told the BBC's ''Andrew Marr Show'':
Supporters of Aamer contend that the UK should intervene in his detention because he moved to the United Kingdom in 1996, married a British woman, fathered four young children and was in the process of applying for British citizenship.
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:"As in so many things Messrs Blair and Straw have a great deal to answer for. They have to be asked a straight question - how could they possibly not have known about the fate that had befallen a British citizen?"
 +
Salmond said few people would doubt that Aamer had been held "illegally and improperly" and remained in Guantanamo "long after everyone knew he had no connection with terrorism whatsoever".<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/news/shaker-aamer-extremists-should-get-the-hell-out-of-uk "Shaker Aamer: extremists should "get the hell out" of UK"]</ref>
  
Aamer is represented by [[Clive Stafford Smith]] and [[Zachary Katznelson]]. He participated in the prison hunger strike that started in June and ended on July 28, 2005. Shaker says he helped negotiate the end to the summer's first extensive hunger strike. According to Shaker, the terms Colonel Michael Bumgarner agreed to, included treating the detainees in a manner consistent with the Geneva Convention, allowing the detainees to form a grievance committee.   
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Aamer is represented by [[Clive Stafford Smith]] and [[Zachary Katznelson]]. He participated in the prison hunger strike that started in June and ended on July 28, 2005. Shaker says he helped negotiate the end to the summer's first extensive hunger strike. According to Shaker, the terms Colonel Michael Baumgartner agreed to, included treating the detainees in a manner consistent with the Geneva Convention, allowing the detainees to form a grievance committee.   
  
 
Stafford Smith said the grievance committee was formed, but that the camp authorities disbanded it after a few days. American spokesmen Major Jeffrey Weir denied that the Americans had ever agreed to any conditions.
 
Stafford Smith said the grievance committee was formed, but that the camp authorities disbanded it after a few days. American spokesmen Major Jeffrey Weir denied that the Americans had ever agreed to any conditions.
  
{{rquote|right|'''''Given the time involved, the lengthy spells in solitary confinement and the torture allegedly used against him, Shaker Aamer's plight has been one of the worst of all the detainees held at Guantanamo.'''''|Amnesty International<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.southwalesguardian.co.uk/uk_national_news/8849486.Amnesty_condemns_Guantanamo_case/ }}</ref>}}
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{{rquote|right|'''''Given the time involved, the lengthy spells in solitary confinement and the torture allegedly used against him, Shaker Aamer's plight has been one of the worst of all the detainees held at Guantanamo.'''''|Amnesty International<ref>http://www.southwalesguardian.co.uk/uk_national_news/8849486.Amnesty_condemns_Guantanamo_case/</ref>}}
 
On September 18, 2006, Aamer's attorneys filed a 16 page motion arguing for his removal from isolation in Guantanamo Bay prison.<ref name=Cnn060918>
 
On September 18, 2006, Aamer's attorneys filed a 16 page motion arguing for his removal from isolation in Guantanamo Bay prison.<ref name=Cnn060918>
 
[http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/09/18/guantanamo.solitary.ap/index.html  Lawyers: Gitmo solitary wrecks captive's mind], CNN. September 18, 2006</ref>
 
[http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/09/18/guantanamo.solitary.ap/index.html  Lawyers: Gitmo solitary wrecks captive's mind], CNN. September 18, 2006</ref>
 
The motion alleges that Aamer had been held in solitary confinement for 360 days at the time of filing, and was tortured by beatings, exposure to temperature extremes, and sleep deprivation, which together caused him to suffer to the point of becoming mentally unbalanced, according to his lawyer, Zachary Katznelson. Aamer's case continues with him still in isolation.
 
The motion alleges that Aamer had been held in solitary confinement for 360 days at the time of filing, and was tortured by beatings, exposure to temperature extremes, and sleep deprivation, which together caused him to suffer to the point of becoming mentally unbalanced, according to his lawyer, Zachary Katznelson. Aamer's case continues with him still in isolation.
  
On August 7, 2006, he was one of five Guantanamo detainees that British Foreign Secretary David Miliband requested be freed, citing the fact they had all been granted refugee status, or similar leave, to remain in Britain prior to their capture by US forces.<ref name=TheIndependent20070914>
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On August 7, 2006, he was one of five Guantanamo detainees that British Foreign Secretary [[David Miliband]] requested be freed, citing the fact they had all been granted refugee status, or similar leave, to remain in Britain prior to their capture by US forces.<ref>http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article2961328.ece</ref>
{{cite news
 
| title= The case of the Guantanamo lawyer, the detainees and the illegal pairs of pants
 
| author=Robert Verkaik
 
| work=The Independent
 
| date=September 14, 2007
 
| url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article2961328.ece
 
| accessdate=2007-08-07
 
| location=London
 
}}</ref>
 
  
==Hunger strike==
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===Hunger strike===
 +
After Shaker Aamer had been on a hunger strike since late 2006, and lost half his body weight, [[Zachary Katznelson]] filed a motion to enforce the [[Geneva Conventions]] on his behalf on 19 September 2006.<ref>http://www.pegc.us/archive/Deghayes_v_Bush/aamer_mot_20060926.pdf  quote=Judge Kennedy has already recognized in several other cases that Hamdan warrants lifting the stays in pending habeas petitions, and this court should do the same. See Order Lifting the Stay, Al-Asadi v. Bush, Civil Action No. 05-2197-HHK (September 11, 2006) [Dkt. No. 35]</ref>
  
Shaker Aamer has been on a hunger strike since late 2006, and has lost half his body weight.<ref name=TheIndependent20070914/>
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On March 16, 2007 the Department of Defense published records of the detainees' height and weights.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dod.mil%2Fpubs%2Ffoi%2Fdetainees%2Fmeasurements&date=2008-12-22 mirror</ref>
[[Zachary Philip Katznelson]] filed a motion to enforce the Geneva Conventions on his behalf on 19 September 2006.<ref name=Habeas04cv2215-2006-09-19>
 
{{cite web
 
| url=http://www.pegc.us/archive/Deghayes_v_Bush/aamer_mot_20060926.pdf
 
| title=Shaker Aamer v. George W. Bush -- 04-cv-2215: Motion to lift stay and for preliminary injunction enforcing Geneva Conventions
 
| publisher=United States Department of Justice
 
| author=Zachary Philip Katznelson
 
| date=2006-09-19
 
| accessdate=2008-12-29
 
| quote=Judge Kennedy has already recognized in several other cases that Hamdan warrants lifting the stays in pending habeas petitions, and this court should do the same. See Order Lifting the Stay, Al-Asadi v. Bush, Civil Action No. 05-2197-HHK (September 11, 2006) [Dkt. No. 35]
 
}}
 
</ref>
 
  
On March 16, 2007 the Department of Defense published records of the detainees' height and weights.<ref name=OfficialGuantanamoWeights>
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==Release negotiation==
{{cite web
+
On August 7, 2007 the United Kingdom government requested the release of Shaker Aamer and four other men who had been legal British residents without being British citizens.<ref>http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/world/5034407.html</ref>
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/measurements/
+
The UK government warned that the negotiations might take months.
| title=Measurements of Heights and Weights of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
 
| publisher=Department of Defense
 
| author=JTF-GTMO
 
| date=2007-03-16
 
| accessdate=2008-12-22
 
| quote=
 
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dod.mil%2Fpubs%2Ffoi%2Fdetainees%2Fmeasurements&date=2008-12-22 mirror]
 
</ref>
 
  
==Release negotiation==
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''The Scotsman'' speculated that the USA was insisting the UK government put the five men under a lifetime of house arrest.<ref>http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=1280712007</ref>
  
On August 7, 2007 the United Kingdom government requested the release of Shaker Aamer and four other men who had been legal British residents without being British citizens.<ref name=HoustonChronicle20070807>
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No charges were ever made against Shaker Aamer and, Pentagon chief [[Ashton Carter]] and other officials tried to block his release, although the [[US Department of State]] had "completed diplomatic deals to transfer home".<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/aug/13/pentagon-blocking-guantanamo-transfer-shaker-aamer "Pentagon blocking transfer of Shaker Aamer]</ref><ref>http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf</ref>
{{cite news
 
| url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/world/5034407.html
 
| date=August 7, 2007
 
| publisher=Houston Chronicle
 
| title=UK asks US to release 5 from Guantanamo
 
| author=David Stringer
 
| accessdate=2007-08-07
 
}} </ref>
 
The UK government warned that the negotiations might take months.
 
  
''The Scotsman'' speculated that the USA was insisting the UK government put the five men under a lifetime of house arrest.<ref name=TheScotsman20070814>
 
{{cite news
 
| url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=1280712007
 
| title=Life of house arrest awaits Guantanamo detainees on return to UK
 
| publisher=The Scotsman
 
| author=James Kirkup
 
| date=August 14, 2007
 
| accessdate=2007-10-10
 
}}</ref>
 
  
Three of the remaining UK residents were released in December 2007.<ref name=Jurist20080729>
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Three of the remaining UK residents were released in December 2007.<ref>http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/07/uk-guantanamo-detainee-asks-court-to.php</ref>
{{cite news
 
| url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/07/uk-guantanamo-detainee-asks-court-to.php
 
| title=UK Guantanamo detainee asks court to order turnover of 'torture' evidence
 
| publisher=The Jurist
 
| author=Mike Rosen-Molina
 
| date=2008-07-29
 
| accessdate=2008-07-31
 
| quote=
 
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fjurist.law.pitt.edu%2Fpaperchase%2F2008%2F07%2Fuk-guantanamo-detainee-asks-court-to.php&date=2008-07-31 mirror]
 
</ref>
 
  
[[Binyam Mohammed]] was repatriated in February 2009.<ref>
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[[Binyam Mohamed]] was repatriated in February 2009.<ref>http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international</ref>
{{cite news
+
On a visit to the United States on March 13, 2009, when asked about Guantanamo captives, Home Secretary [[Jacqui Smith]] said:
| url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/U_S_and_Britain_at_odds_over_detainee.html?siteSect=143&sid=10451558&cKey=1237003653000&ty=ti
 
| title=US and Britain at odds over detainee
 
| publisher=Swissinfo
 
| author=Randall Mikkelson
 
| date=2009-03-14
 
| accessdate=2009-03-14
 
| quote=
 
}}  [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fnews%2Finternational%2FU_S_and_Britain_at_odds_over_detainee.html%3FsiteSect%3D143%26sid%3D10451558%26cKey%3D1237003653000%26ty%3Dti&date=2009-03-14 mirror]
 
</ref>
 
On a visit to the United States on March 13, 2009, when asked about Guantanamo captives,  
 
Home Secretary Jacqui Smith said:
 
 
{{QB|
 
{{QB|
 
There is one outstanding (prisoner) that we would want returned to the U.K. We understand that his particular circumstances are being looked at at the moment, and that the U.S. administration has said they don't want to return him to the UK.
 
There is one outstanding (prisoner) that we would want returned to the U.K. We understand that his particular circumstances are being looked at at the moment, and that the U.S. administration has said they don't want to return him to the UK.
 
}}
 
}}
==Habeas corpus petition==
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==Calls for his release==
Shaker Aamer had a writ of habeas corpus petition filed on his behalf.<ref name=Cv08-0442Doc121>
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* August, 2010, protesters disrupted a meeting that discussed plans to create a US Embassy near Battersea, the home of Mr Aamer.<ref>http://www.wandsworthguardian.co.uk/news/8308643.Protesters_gatecrash_Nine_Elms_meeting/</ref>
{{cite web
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* On December 11, 2010 hundreds took to the streets in London near the US embassy to demand Aamer's release.<ref>http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/wandsworthnews/8735080.Protesters_demand_release_of_last_British_Guantanamo_detianee/</ref>
| url=http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/121/0.pdf
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* In February 2011 Amnesty international calls Aamers ongoing incarceration a "mockery of justice" and denounced the "cruel limbo" he has been left in.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12438230</ref> At the same time The Guardian reported that people had sent 12.000 emails to US Secretary of State Hilary Clinton and UK MP's in support of Aamer.<ref>http://www.wandsworthguardian.co.uk</ref>
| title=Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litigation: Doc 121 -- STATUS REPORT
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* In her 2011 album '' In The Current Climate '' singer-songwriter Sarah Gillespie  sings an imaginary first person song of Aamer entitled '' How The West Was Won. '' Gillespie devoted the track to Aamer in the CD booklet.<ref>[http://thejazzbreakfast.wordpress.com/2011/01/25/cd-review-sarah-gillespie-with-gilad-atzmon/ Peter Baker, In The Current Climate review, The Jazz Breakfast - 25 January 2010]</ref>
| publisher=United States Department of Justice
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* In May 2011 Students of University of St Andrews protest for the release of Aamer.<ref>http://www.thecourier.co.uk/Community/College-and-University/article/13540/st-andrews-guantanamo-bay-protest-highlights-case-of-shaker-aamer.html</ref>
| author = Zachary Katznelson
 
| date=2008-07-18
 
| accessdate=2008-11-17
 
| quote=
 
}}
 
</ref>
 
 
 
===Re-initiation===
 
 
 
On 2008-07-18 [[Zachary Katznelson]] filed a ''"STATUS REPORT"'' with regard to Shaker Aamer and [[Jihad Dhiab]], before Judge Gladys Kessler.<ref name="Cv08-0442Doc121"/>
 
 
 
==Details of his interrogations in Bagram==
 
 
 
In September 2009 Zachary Katznelson made what ''The Guardian'' characterized as "extraordinary claims" on behalf of his client Shaker Aamer.<ref name=TheGuardian2009-09-06/>
 
Katznelson repeated accounts Aamer had offered him of severe beatings in the Bagram Theater Internment Facility.
 
Aamer had told him that close to a dozen men had beaten him, including interrogators who represented themselves as officers of MI5, the United Kingdom's internal counter-terrorism agency.
 
Aamer described being terrified following one severe beating, when he recovered from being stunned by the beating he found all his interrogators had left the room and had left a pistol on the table.
 
He said he didn't know if the pistol was loaded.
 
He said it occurred to him that it had been left so he could kill himself.
 
He said it occurred to him that it had been left so that if he picked it up, he could be shot and killed on the excuse he was trying to shoot them.
 
 
 
==Shaker Aamer and the alleged coverup around the deaths on June 10, 2006==
 
 
 
The Department of Defense reported three detainees killed themselves, on June 10, 2006.<ref name=TheGuardian2010-01-18>
 
{{cite news
 
| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/18/guantanamo-investigation-harpers-interrogation
 
| title=US magazine claims Guantánamo inmates were killed during questioning
 
| work=The Guardian
 
| date=2010-01-18
 
| author=Ian Cobain
 
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjan%2F18%2Fguantanamo-investigation-harpers-interrogation&date=2010-01-18
 
| archivedate=2010-01-18
 
| location=London
 
}}</ref>
 
However a team of independent pathologists, led by Dr Patrice Mangin, were unable to confirm the military's claim the deaths were suicide. The military returned the bodies to the families for burial missing key parts essential for Mangin's team to confirm the cause of death.
 
 
 
On January 18, 2010, attorney and journalist Scott Horton published an article in Harper's magazine asserting that the men did not hang themselves in their cells, but rather died during their interrogations at "Camp No".<ref name=TheGuardian2010-01-18/><ref name=Harpers2010-01-18>
 
{{cite news
 
| url=http://www.harpers.org/archive/2010/01/hbc-90006368
 
| title=The Guantánamo "Suicides": A Camp Delta sergeant blows the whistle
 
| publisher=Harper's magazine
 
| date=2010-01-18
 
| author=Scott Horton
 
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpers.org%2Farchive%2F2010%2F01%2Fhbc-90006368&date=2010-01-18
 
| archivedate=2010-01-18
 
}}</ref>
 
He wrote that Shaker Aamer had also been brought to a secret interrogation site, about one kilometer from Camp Delta, with the other three men, and subjected to interrogation methods that included asphyxiation.  Horton wrote that Aamer's repatriation was being delayed so he could not testify about the use of this technique upon his return to the United Kingdom.
 
 
 
Colonel [[Michael Bumgarner]], named in Horton's article as being present during the interrogations, and of taking a lead role in the cover-up, denied Horton's claims.<ref name=CanadianPress2010-01-18>
 
{{cite news
 
| url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5h97BGvSdx97hHzNDkUiDzI8JsB7A
 
| title=Questions over deaths of 3 Guantanamo detainees raised by magazine article
 
| publisher=Canadian Press
 
| date=2010-01-18
 
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fcanadianpress%2Farticle%2FALeqM5h97BGvSdx97hHzNDkUiDzI8JsB7A&date=2010-01-18
 
| archivedate=2010-01-18
 
}}</ref>
 
  
==Johina Aamer's letter to David Cameron==
+
===Johina Aamer's letter to David Cameron===
On 19 April 2013, Aamer's 15 year old daughter Johina sent the following letter to David Cameron: <ref name="AW">[http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2013/06/24/i-wish-i-was-dead-shaker-aamer-says-from-guantanamo-as-david-cameron-writes-to-his-daughter/ “I Wish I Was Dead,” Shaker Aamer Says from Guantánamo, as David Cameron Writes to His Daughter] Andy Worthington We site 24 June 2013</ref>
+
On 19 April 2013, Aamer's 15-year-old daughter Johina sent the following letter to [[David Cameron]]: <ref>[http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2013/06/24/i-wish-i-was-dead-shaker-aamer-says-from-guantanamo-as-david-cameron-writes-to-his-daughter/ “I Wish I Was Dead,” Shaker Aamer Says from Guantánamo, as David Cameron Writes to His Daughter] Andy Worthington We site 24 June 2013</ref>
 
{{QB|<poem>
 
{{QB|<poem>
 
My name is Johina Aamer, and I am the daughter of the last British resident in Guantánamo Bay, Shaker Aamer. To be honest, it is a little tiring writing that introduction, as the fact that I need to introduce myself highlights the extent to which I feel my family and I have been betrayed by our own country for the last 11 years.
 
My name is Johina Aamer, and I am the daughter of the last British resident in Guantánamo Bay, Shaker Aamer. To be honest, it is a little tiring writing that introduction, as the fact that I need to introduce myself highlights the extent to which I feel my family and I have been betrayed by our own country for the last 11 years.
Line 218: Line 79:
 
I had just turned four when my family was deprived of a father and husband. He has been in Guantánamo Bay for more than 11 years while the British government allowed him to be tortured, causing both physical and mental scars. His petition has now surpassed the 100,000 signatures mark meaning his case will now be discussed in parliament next week, on Wednesday 24th April 2013 [see the transcripts of the debate in Westminster Hall here and here]. I question, however, whether this parliamentary discussion will be enough to bring my father home — if you felt the compassion that the signatories feel for my father, you would not have allowed him to remain in Guantánamo Bay for this long.
 
I had just turned four when my family was deprived of a father and husband. He has been in Guantánamo Bay for more than 11 years while the British government allowed him to be tortured, causing both physical and mental scars. His petition has now surpassed the 100,000 signatures mark meaning his case will now be discussed in parliament next week, on Wednesday 24th April 2013 [see the transcripts of the debate in Westminster Hall here and here]. I question, however, whether this parliamentary discussion will be enough to bring my father home — if you felt the compassion that the signatories feel for my father, you would not have allowed him to remain in Guantánamo Bay for this long.
  
Like the public you are most likely to be knowledgeable of the fact that my father has been cleared for release many times in the past, which leads me to question why is he still in prison? I am also wondering how many times it will take for me to say “My name is Johina Aamer, I am 15 years old and my dad is in prison” until someone from the government takes our plight seriously, and actually does something to help? My father is now one of the many Guantánamo detainees who are on hunger strike: exhausted by our government’s neglect of his situation, he is starving himself out of protest. My father has been on hunger strike many times in the past but now his lawyer has attested to the fact he is genuinely frightened for his survival this time. Do you have any concept of what it is like for me, my brothers and my mother to hear this news?
+
Like the public you are most likely to be knowledgeable of the fact that my father has been cleared for release many times in the past, which leads me to question why is he still in prison? I am also wondering how many times it will take for me to say “My name is Johina Aamer, I am 15 years old and my dad is in prison” until someone from the government takes our plight seriously, and actually does something to help? My father is now one of the many Guantánamo detainees who are on hunger strike: exhausted by our government’s neglect of his situation, he is starving himself out of protest. My father has been on hunger strike many times in the past but now his lawyer has attested to the fact he is genuinely frightened for his survival this time. Do you have any concept of what it is like for me, my brothers and my mother to hear this news?
  
 
I am writing to you to ask — please explain to me what you have been doing to secure my father’s release? I previously wrote to the former Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, but he did not consider my family’s difficult situation important enough to reply — I hope that you will not be so inconsiderate.
 
I am writing to you to ask — please explain to me what you have been doing to secure my father’s release? I previously wrote to the former Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, but he did not consider my family’s difficult situation important enough to reply — I hope that you will not be so inconsiderate.
Line 239: Line 100:
 
</poem>
 
</poem>
 
}}
 
}}
Cameron replied to the letter with the weasel words typical of an embarrassed establishment that has little of substance to say on the matter other than to repeat what it has been saying for years. <ref name="AW"/>
+
Cameron replied to the letter with the weasel words typical of an embarrassed establishment that has little of substance to say on the matter other than to repeat what it has been saying for years.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Legal action==
 +
On 14 December 2015, the [[BBC]] reported that Aamer has no plans to sue the British Government over its alleged complicity in his mistreatment.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35089908 "Shaker Aamer: 'No plans to sue' over Guantanamo"]</ref>
 +
 
 +
===Habeas corpus petition===
 +
Shaker Aamer had a writ of [[habeas corpus]] petition filed on his behalf.<ref>http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/121/0.pdf</ref>
 +
 
 +
===Re-initiation===
 +
In July 2008, Zachary Katznelson filed a ''"Status Report"'' with regard to Shaker Aamer and [[Jihad Dhiab]], before Judge Gladys Kessler. In September 2009, Katznelson made what ''The Guardian'' characterised as "extraordinary claims" on behalf of his client Shaker Aamer, who told him of severe beatings in the Bagram Theater Internment Facility. Aamer told him that close to a dozen men had beaten him, including interrogators who represented themselves as officers of [[MI5]], the United Kingdom's internal counter-terrorism agency. Aamer described being terrified following one severe beating, when he recovered from being stunned by the beating he found all his interrogators had left the room and had left a pistol on the table. He said he didn't know if the pistol was loaded. He said it occurred to him that it had been left so he could kill himself. He said it occurred to him that it had been left so that if he picked it up, he could be shot and killed on the excuse he was trying to shoot them.
 +
 
 +
==Alleged cover-up of deaths==
 +
 
 +
The [[US/Department/Defense]] reported three detainees killed themselves, on June 10, 2006.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjan%2F18%2Fguantanamo-investigation-harpers-interrogation&date=2010-01-18</ref>
 +
However a team of independent pathologists, led by Dr Patrice Mangin, were unable to confirm the military's claim the deaths were suicide. The military returned the bodies to the families for burial missing key parts essential for Mangin's team to confirm the cause of death.
 +
 
 +
On January 18, 2010, attorney and journalist Scott Horton published an article in ''Harpers'' magazine asserting that the men did not hang themselves in their cells, but rather died during their interrogations at "Camp No".<ref>http://www.harpers.org/archive/2010/01/hbc-90006368</ref>
 +
Horton wrote that Shaker Aamer had also been brought to a secret interrogation site, about one kilometre from Camp Delta, with the other three men, and subjected to interrogation methods that included asphyxiation. Horton wrote that Aamer's repatriation was being delayed so he could not testify about the use of this technique upon his return to the United Kingdom.
 +
 
 +
Colonel [[Michael Baumgartner]], named in Horton's article as being present during the interrogations, and of taking a lead role in the cover-up, denied Horton's claims.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fcanadianpress%2Farticle%2FALeqM5h97BGvSdx97hHzNDkUiDzI8JsB7A&date=2010-01-18</ref>
  
==Calls for his release==
 
* August, 2010, protesters disrupted a meeting that discussed plans to create a US Embassy near Battersea, the home of Mr. Aamer.<ref>http://www.wandsworthguardian.co.uk/news/8308643.Protesters_gatecrash_Nine_Elms_meeting/</ref>
 
* On December 11, 2010 hundreds took to the streets in London near the US embassy to demand Aamer's release.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/wandsworthnews/8735080.Protesters_demand_release_of_last_British_Guantanamo_detianee/ }}</ref>
 
* In February 2011 Amnesty international calls Aamers ongoing incarceration a "mockery of justice" and denounced the "cruel limbo" he has been left in.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12438230 | work=BBC News | title=Amnesty condemns Guantanamo UK Shaker Aamer case | date=2011-02-12}}</ref> At the same time The Guardian reported that people had sent 12.000 emails to US Secretary of State Hilary Clinton and UK MP's in support of Aamer.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.wandsworthguardian.co.uk/news/8851906.Nine_years_without_trial_for_Guantanamo_Brit_is__travesty_of_justice_/ }}</ref>
 
* In her 2011 album '' In The Current Climate '' singer-songwriter Sarah Gillespie  sings an imaginary first person song of Aamer entitled '' How The West Was Won. '' Gillespie devoted the track to Aamer in the CD booklet.<ref name="JazzBreakfast">[http://thejazzbreakfast.wordpress.com/2011/01/25/cd-review-sarah-gillespie-with-gilad-atzmon/ Peter Baker, In The Current Climate review, The Jazz Breakfast - 25 January 2010]</ref>
 
* In May 2011 Students of University of St Andrews protest for the release of Aamer.<ref>http://www.thecourier.co.uk/Community/College-and-University/article/13540/st-andrews-guantanamo-bay-protest-highlights-case-of-shaker-aamer.html</ref>
 
  
 +
{{SMWDocs}}
 
==References==
 
==References==
<div class="references-small">
 
 
{{Reflist|2}}
 
{{Reflist|2}}
  
Line 267: Line 142:
 
*[http://www.reprieve.org.uk/shakeraamer Shaker Aamer] - biography
 
*[http://www.reprieve.org.uk/shakeraamer Shaker Aamer] - biography
 
*[http://www.reprieve.org.uk/shakeraamer/history Shaker Aamer] - case history
 
*[http://www.reprieve.org.uk/shakeraamer/history Shaker Aamer] - case history
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aamer, Shaker}}
 
[[Category:Torture Victims]]
 
[[Category:Torture]]
 
[[Category:Prisoners]]
 

Latest revision as of 20:06, 20 December 2021

Person.png Shaker Aamer  Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
ShakerAamerWithChildren.jpg
Born1968-12-12
Medina, Saudi Arabia
NationalitySaudi
Childrenchildren
SpouseZin Siddique
Victim of • torture
• indefinite detention
The last UK national to be released from Guantanamo Bay, where he was held for 13 years and subjected to torture after refusing to spy for MI5.

Shaker Aamer (also known as Shaker Abdur-Raheem Aamer) is a Saudi Arabian citizen and, until October 2015, was the last UK resident to be held in the Guantanamo Bay torture/detention camp.

Background

Aamer moved to the United Kingdom in 1996. He married a British woman and has four British children.[1] Aamer is a British resident and was applying for citizenship.

At the outbreak of the Invasion of Afghanistan Aamer was working for a Saudi charity in Afghanistan.

Aamer says that interrogators in Afghanistan, who represented themselves as MI5 officers, told him he had two choices: (1) agree to spy on suspected jihadists in the United Kingdom; or (2) remain in US custody.[2]

Arrest

Aamer was arrested in Afghanistan in January 2002, participated in two hunger strikes and spent much of his time held in solitary confinement.[3]

In December 2015, Aamer told Channel 4 News being reunited with his wife Zinneera "washed away the pain of 14 years":

"It washed away the tiredness, the agony, the stress. It was like it no longer existed. I hugged her, she hugged me, and we just wept."

But he said it will take time to forge a bond with his children, the youngest of whom 13-year-old son Faris was born on the day he arrived at Guantanamo in 2002.

SNP foreign affairs spokesman Alex Salmond said the allegation that former Prime Minister Tony Blair and former Foreign Secretary Jack Straw knew about his "illegal abduction" and "torture" was "not unreasonable". He told the BBC's Andrew Marr Show:

"As in so many things Messrs Blair and Straw have a great deal to answer for. They have to be asked a straight question - how could they possibly not have known about the fate that had befallen a British citizen?"

Salmond said few people would doubt that Aamer had been held "illegally and improperly" and remained in Guantanamo "long after everyone knew he had no connection with terrorism whatsoever".[4]

Aamer is represented by Clive Stafford Smith and Zachary Katznelson. He participated in the prison hunger strike that started in June and ended on July 28, 2005. Shaker says he helped negotiate the end to the summer's first extensive hunger strike. According to Shaker, the terms Colonel Michael Baumgartner agreed to, included treating the detainees in a manner consistent with the Geneva Convention, allowing the detainees to form a grievance committee.

Stafford Smith said the grievance committee was formed, but that the camp authorities disbanded it after a few days. American spokesmen Major Jeffrey Weir denied that the Americans had ever agreed to any conditions.

Given the time involved, the lengthy spells in solitary confinement and the torture allegedly used against him, Shaker Aamer's plight has been one of the worst of all the detainees held at Guantanamo.

—Amnesty International[5]

On September 18, 2006, Aamer's attorneys filed a 16 page motion arguing for his removal from isolation in Guantanamo Bay prison.[6] The motion alleges that Aamer had been held in solitary confinement for 360 days at the time of filing, and was tortured by beatings, exposure to temperature extremes, and sleep deprivation, which together caused him to suffer to the point of becoming mentally unbalanced, according to his lawyer, Zachary Katznelson. Aamer's case continues with him still in isolation.

On August 7, 2006, he was one of five Guantanamo detainees that British Foreign Secretary David Miliband requested be freed, citing the fact they had all been granted refugee status, or similar leave, to remain in Britain prior to their capture by US forces.[7]

Hunger strike

After Shaker Aamer had been on a hunger strike since late 2006, and lost half his body weight, Zachary Katznelson filed a motion to enforce the Geneva Conventions on his behalf on 19 September 2006.[8]

On March 16, 2007 the Department of Defense published records of the detainees' height and weights.[9]

Release negotiation

On August 7, 2007 the United Kingdom government requested the release of Shaker Aamer and four other men who had been legal British residents without being British citizens.[10] The UK government warned that the negotiations might take months.

The Scotsman speculated that the USA was insisting the UK government put the five men under a lifetime of house arrest.[11]

No charges were ever made against Shaker Aamer and, Pentagon chief Ashton Carter and other officials tried to block his release, although the US Department of State had "completed diplomatic deals to transfer home".[12][13]


Three of the remaining UK residents were released in December 2007.[14]

Binyam Mohamed was repatriated in February 2009.[15] On a visit to the United States on March 13, 2009, when asked about Guantanamo captives, Home Secretary Jacqui Smith said:

There is one outstanding (prisoner) that we would want returned to the U.K. We understand that his particular circumstances are being looked at at the moment, and that the U.S. administration has said they don't want to return him to the UK.

Calls for his release

  • August, 2010, protesters disrupted a meeting that discussed plans to create a US Embassy near Battersea, the home of Mr Aamer.[16]
  • On December 11, 2010 hundreds took to the streets in London near the US embassy to demand Aamer's release.[17]
  • In February 2011 Amnesty international calls Aamers ongoing incarceration a "mockery of justice" and denounced the "cruel limbo" he has been left in.[18] At the same time The Guardian reported that people had sent 12.000 emails to US Secretary of State Hilary Clinton and UK MP's in support of Aamer.[19]
  • In her 2011 album In The Current Climate singer-songwriter Sarah Gillespie sings an imaginary first person song of Aamer entitled How The West Was Won. Gillespie devoted the track to Aamer in the CD booklet.[20]
  • In May 2011 Students of University of St Andrews protest for the release of Aamer.[21]

Johina Aamer's letter to David Cameron

On 19 April 2013, Aamer's 15-year-old daughter Johina sent the following letter to David Cameron: [22]

My name is Johina Aamer, and I am the daughter of the last British resident in Guantánamo Bay, Shaker Aamer. To be honest, it is a little tiring writing that introduction, as the fact that I need to introduce myself highlights the extent to which I feel my family and I have been betrayed by our own country for the last 11 years.

I had just turned four when my family was deprived of a father and husband. He has been in Guantánamo Bay for more than 11 years while the British government allowed him to be tortured, causing both physical and mental scars. His petition has now surpassed the 100,000 signatures mark meaning his case will now be discussed in parliament next week, on Wednesday 24th April 2013 [see the transcripts of the debate in Westminster Hall here and here]. I question, however, whether this parliamentary discussion will be enough to bring my father home — if you felt the compassion that the signatories feel for my father, you would not have allowed him to remain in Guantánamo Bay for this long.

Like the public you are most likely to be knowledgeable of the fact that my father has been cleared for release many times in the past, which leads me to question why is he still in prison? I am also wondering how many times it will take for me to say “My name is Johina Aamer, I am 15 years old and my dad is in prison” until someone from the government takes our plight seriously, and actually does something to help? My father is now one of the many Guantánamo detainees who are on hunger strike: exhausted by our government’s neglect of his situation, he is starving himself out of protest. My father has been on hunger strike many times in the past but now his lawyer has attested to the fact he is genuinely frightened for his survival this time. Do you have any concept of what it is like for me, my brothers and my mother to hear this news?

I am writing to you to ask — please explain to me what you have been doing to secure my father’s release? I previously wrote to the former Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, but he did not consider my family’s difficult situation important enough to reply — I hope that you will not be so inconsiderate.

Although I am young, I have come to understand that maybe you are delaying my father’s return due to the Justice and Security Bill I keep on reading about. I would like to say that I would want to add my name to all those who have opposed this bill, including the 702 lawyers who have signed the petition [actually a letter] in opposition to it. The reason for this is that my family has felt the impact of secret evidence more than most — we have a personal experience of how damaging it can be to be left in the dark about allegations and not to have the opportunity to defend yourself.

The closed material procedure is fundamentally immoral and takes away yet another basic human right. I know that the British Government is using this law to escape anything in court that may cause humiliation. However adopting the bill will just cause a greater state of shame in addition to giving the government a bad reputation for not being able to confess to their involvement in torture.

I see the injustice of the Justice and Security Bill on my father’s release. I clearly recognise that the British government is not willing to take any action until the law gets passed because my father’s return to Britain will cause additional disgrace upon the British government, especially after the case of Binyam Mohamed. This is also being shown by how fast the government have rushed the bill through parliament. Even though it is wrong and instead of finding ways to stop the country’s involvement in human rights abuses, it is supporting torture and rendition by allowing it to be covered up.

If the Justice and Security Bill is an imperative for my father’s release, then I strongly suggest that you continue your inaction against him. My father would not under any condition buy his freedom at the price of injustice.

While I am not confident that you will, if you conclude that you are willing to write back, then I would like the answers to my questions and for you to allow me to acquire your exact accomplishments that are beneficial to my father’s case.

Yours sincerely

Johina Aamer
15 years old
The daughter of Shaker Aamer

Cameron replied to the letter with the weasel words typical of an embarrassed establishment that has little of substance to say on the matter other than to repeat what it has been saying for years.


Legal action

On 14 December 2015, the BBC reported that Aamer has no plans to sue the British Government over its alleged complicity in his mistreatment.[23]

Habeas corpus petition

Shaker Aamer had a writ of habeas corpus petition filed on his behalf.[24]

Re-initiation

In July 2008, Zachary Katznelson filed a "Status Report" with regard to Shaker Aamer and Jihad Dhiab, before Judge Gladys Kessler. In September 2009, Katznelson made what The Guardian characterised as "extraordinary claims" on behalf of his client Shaker Aamer, who told him of severe beatings in the Bagram Theater Internment Facility. Aamer told him that close to a dozen men had beaten him, including interrogators who represented themselves as officers of MI5, the United Kingdom's internal counter-terrorism agency. Aamer described being terrified following one severe beating, when he recovered from being stunned by the beating he found all his interrogators had left the room and had left a pistol on the table. He said he didn't know if the pistol was loaded. He said it occurred to him that it had been left so he could kill himself. He said it occurred to him that it had been left so that if he picked it up, he could be shot and killed on the excuse he was trying to shoot them.

Alleged cover-up of deaths

The US/Department/Defense reported three detainees killed themselves, on June 10, 2006.[25] However a team of independent pathologists, led by Dr Patrice Mangin, were unable to confirm the military's claim the deaths were suicide. The military returned the bodies to the families for burial missing key parts essential for Mangin's team to confirm the cause of death.

On January 18, 2010, attorney and journalist Scott Horton published an article in Harpers magazine asserting that the men did not hang themselves in their cells, but rather died during their interrogations at "Camp No".[26] Horton wrote that Shaker Aamer had also been brought to a secret interrogation site, about one kilometre from Camp Delta, with the other three men, and subjected to interrogation methods that included asphyxiation. Horton wrote that Aamer's repatriation was being delayed so he could not testify about the use of this technique upon his return to the United Kingdom.

Colonel Michael Baumgartner, named in Horton's article as being present during the interrogations, and of taking a lead role in the cover-up, denied Horton's claims.[27]


 

A Document by Shaker Aamer

TitleDocument typePublication dateSubject(s)Description
Document:Two letters from Guantanamoletter14 February 2014Torture
Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Two letters from Shaker Aamer and Emad Hassan sent on the ocassion of the 12th anniversary of the establishment of America's extra-judicial hell-hole at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba..
Many thanks to our Patrons who cover ~2/3 of our hosting bill. Please join them if you can.


References

  1. "Calls to free Guantanamo father" BBC, February 8, 2005
  2. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fsep%2F06%2Fguantanamo-gun-abuse-cia-mi5&date=2009-09-06
  3. http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/index.php/news/content/view/full/100720
  4. "Shaker Aamer: extremists should "get the hell out" of UK"
  5. http://www.southwalesguardian.co.uk/uk_national_news/8849486.Amnesty_condemns_Guantanamo_case/
  6. Lawyers: Gitmo solitary wrecks captive's mind, CNN. September 18, 2006
  7. http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article2961328.ece
  8. http://www.pegc.us/archive/Deghayes_v_Bush/aamer_mot_20060926.pdf quote=Judge Kennedy has already recognized in several other cases that Hamdan warrants lifting the stays in pending habeas petitions, and this court should do the same. See Order Lifting the Stay, Al-Asadi v. Bush, Civil Action No. 05-2197-HHK (September 11, 2006) [Dkt. No. 35]
  9. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dod.mil%2Fpubs%2Ffoi%2Fdetainees%2Fmeasurements&date=2008-12-22 mirror
  10. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/world/5034407.html
  11. http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=1280712007
  12. "Pentagon blocking transfer of Shaker Aamer
  13. http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf
  14. http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/07/uk-guantanamo-detainee-asks-court-to.php
  15. http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international
  16. http://www.wandsworthguardian.co.uk/news/8308643.Protesters_gatecrash_Nine_Elms_meeting/
  17. http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/wandsworthnews/8735080.Protesters_demand_release_of_last_British_Guantanamo_detianee/
  18. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12438230
  19. http://www.wandsworthguardian.co.uk
  20. Peter Baker, In The Current Climate review, The Jazz Breakfast - 25 January 2010
  21. http://www.thecourier.co.uk/Community/College-and-University/article/13540/st-andrews-guantanamo-bay-protest-highlights-case-of-shaker-aamer.html
  22. “I Wish I Was Dead,” Shaker Aamer Says from Guantánamo, as David Cameron Writes to His Daughter Andy Worthington We site 24 June 2013
  23. "Shaker Aamer: 'No plans to sue' over Guantanamo"
  24. http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/121/0.pdf
  25. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjan%2F18%2Fguantanamo-investigation-harpers-interrogation&date=2010-01-18
  26. http://www.harpers.org/archive/2010/01/hbc-90006368
  27. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fcanadianpress%2Farticle%2FALeqM5h97BGvSdx97hHzNDkUiDzI8JsB7A&date=2010-01-18

External links