Difference between revisions of "1764"

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== Events ==
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<onlyinclude>
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=== January&ndash;June ===
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* [[January 7]] &ndash; The [[Siculicidium]] is carried out as hundreds of the [[Székelys|Székely]] minority in [[Transylvania]] are massacred by the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austrian Army]] at Madéfalva.<ref>Derek Beales, ''Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Europe'' (I.B.Tauris, 2005) p163</ref>
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* [[January 19]] &ndash; [[John Wilkes]] is expelled from the [[House of Commons of Great Britain]], for [[seditious libel]].<ref>Arthur Cash, ''John Wilkes: The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty'' (Yale University Press, 2008) pp169-170</ref>
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* [[February 15]] &ndash; The settlement of [[St. Louis]] is established.<ref>http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1764 </ref>
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* [[March 15]] &ndash; The day after his return to [[Paris]] from a nine-year mission, French explorer and scholar [[Anquetil Du Perron]] presents a complete copy of the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] sacred text, the ''[[Zend Avesta]]'', to the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|''Bibliothèque Royale'']] in [[Paris]], along with several other traditional texts.<ref>''The Zend-Avesta'', translated by James Darmesteter (Clarendon Press, 1880) p xv</ref> In 1771, he publishes the first European translation of the ''Zend Avesta''.
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* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Francisco Javier de la Torre]] arrives in [[Manila]] to become the new Spanish [[Governor-General of the Philippines]].<ref>John Foreman, ''The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule, with an Account of the Succeeding American Insular Government'' (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906) p97</ref>
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* [[March 20]] &ndash; After the British victory in the [[French and Indian War]], the first post-war British expedition to explore the newly acquired territories east of the [[Mississippi River]] comes under attack by [[Tunica people|Tunica]] warriors.  The 340 British Army men, under the command of Major Arthur Loftus, were at a spot south of [[Natchez, Mississippi]] and were forced to flee in their boats back toward the port of [[New Orleans]] while under fire from an unknown number of Tunicas firing from both banks.<ref>David Narrett, ''Adventurism and Empire: The Struggle for Mastery in the Louisiana-Florida Borderlands, 1762-1803'' (University of North Carolina, 2015) p34</ref>
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* [[March 23]] &ndash; Following lobbying by [[George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)|George Johnstone]], the Governor of [[British West Florida]], Britain's [[Board of Trade|Lords of Trade]] vote to recommend the northern boundary for the new province to run from the confluence of the [[Yazoo River]] and the Mississippi (at modern-day [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]]) to the [[Chattahoochee River]] (at modern-day [[Phenix City, Alabama]]), and the Privy Council soon approves, bringing about 38000 km2 under the West Florida's jurisdiction.<ref>David Narrett, ''Adventurism and Empire: The Struggle for Mastery in the Louisiana-Florida Borderlands, 1762-1803''  (University of North Carolina, 2015) p26</ref>
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* [[March 27]] &ndash; The [[prince-elector]]s, a group of nine German princes who select the next leader of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], vote for the last time as the health of the Emperor [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]] declines.  The electors (including Britain's King George III, who also rules as [[Elector of Hanover]]) approve Francis's son, [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Prince Joseph of Austria]] as [[King of the Romans]].  Upon the death of Francis in 1765, Prince Joseph becomes the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II. 
 +
* [[March 31]] &ndash; A mutual defense treaty between the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] is signed in [[Saint Petersburg]] between representatives of Russia's Empress [[Catherine the Great]] and Prussia's King [[Frederick the Great]].  By agreement, each nation agrees (for an eight-year period) to commit 10,000 soldiers and 2,000 horses to the defense of the other in case of an attack, and secretly agree to maintain security within the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref>Brian L. Davies, ''The Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Catherine II and the Ottoman Empire'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016)</ref>
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* [[April 5]] &ndash; The [[Sugar Act]] is passed in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]].
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* [[April 21]] &ndash; Residents of [[French Louisiana]] are informed for the first time that they will come under Spanish rule as the result of a secret agreement of November 13, 1762 whereby France has ceded all of its North American territory west of the Mississippi River.<ref>John B. Dillon, ''Oddities of Colonial Legislation in America'' (Robert Douglass Publishing, 1879) p322</ref> The Spanish, however, do not take possession until August 17, 1769. 
 +
* [[April 27]] &ndash; Eight-year-old child prodigy [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] performs a private concert before King George III and Queen Charlotte in Great Britain, and has an encore on May 19.<ref>"Mozart's Organ Sonatas", by Orlando A. Mansfield, in ''The Musical Quarterly'' (Oct/Dec 1922) p570</ref>
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* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Baden, Switzerland|Baden]], one of the member states of the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Confederation of Switzerland]], declares a policy of remaining neutral in future conflicts, a model that is soon followed by other members of the Confederation and which eventually becomes the basis for [[Swiss neutrality]] from 1815 onward.<ref>Gregory Fossedal, ''Direct Democracy in Switzerland'' (Routledge, 2018)</ref>
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* [[June 21]] &ndash; The English-language ''[[Quebec Gazette]]'' is established in [[Quebec City]], Canada (as of [[2014]], it is the oldest surviving newspaper in North America).
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* [[June 29]] &ndash; A category 5 [[tornado]] hits [[Woldegk]], [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]].
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*The [[Beast of Gévaudan]] starts its depredations, killing over 100 people between 1764 and 1767
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 +
=== July&ndash;September ===
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* [[July 6]] &ndash; The last British troops depart [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], two years after having captured it from [[Spain]] during the [[Seven Years' War]].  The removal of troops follows the treaty between the two Kingdoms, with Spain ceding [[West Florida]] to Great Britain in return for the Havana withdrawal.<ref>Alexander von Humboldt, ''Political Essay on the Island of Cuba: A Critical Edition'', translated by J. Bradford Anderson, et al.  (University of Chicago Press, 2011) p110</ref>
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* [[July 8]] &ndash; The Niagara Conference begins at the invitation of [[Sir William Johnson]], the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern district, who hosts "one of the largest conventions of red men ever held on the continent" to negotiate the end of the hostilities from the [[French and Indian War]].  Reportedly, 2,000 representatives of the North American tribes meet at upstate New York come from distances ranging "From [[Dakota Territory|Dakota]] to [[Hudson Bay|Hudson's Bay]], and from [[Maine]] to [[Kentucky]]."  <ref>William Elliot Griffis, ''The Romance of American Colonization: How the Foundation Stones of Our History Were Laid'' (W. A. Wilde & Company, 1898) p259</ref>
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* [[July 11]] &ndash; Conditional repatriation of the [[Acadians]] in [[Canada]], French colonists who took up arms against the British during the war, is approved by order of King George III on advice of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]].  The Council offers settlement to any Acadians willing to take an oath of allegiance to the British Crown and that those living in [[New Brunswick]] are to "be allowed to settle in [[Nova Scotia]], but that they should be dispersed in small numbers in various localities."  <ref>William F. Ganong, ''A Monograph of the Origins of the Settlements in New Brunswick'' (J. Hope & Sons, 1904) p190</ref>
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* [[July 20]] &ndash; King George, on advise of the Privy Council, issues the Royal Determination of the disputed boundary between the colonial provinces of [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[New Hampshire]]. The [[King-in-Council]] "doth hereby order and declare the western banks of the [[Connecticut River|river Connecticut]] from where it enters the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony|province of Massachusetts Bay]], as far north as the [[45th parallel north|45th degree of north latitude]] ''to be'' the boundary line between the two provinces of New Hampshire and New York."  <ref>David Bennett, ''A Few Lawless Vagabonds: Ethan Allen, the Republic of Vermont, and the American Revolution'' (Casemate, 2014)</ref>
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* [[July 26]] &ndash; In what is described 250 years later as "[[Enoch Brown school massacre|The first documented United States school shooting]]",<ref>"Gun Violence and School Safety in American Schools", by Daniel Eadens, et al., in ''The Wiley Handbook of Educational Policy'' (Wiley Blackwell, 2018) p384</ref> a group of four [[Delaware Indians]] invade a schoolhouse near what is now [[Greencastle, Pennsylvania]] and kill ten schoolchildren and their teacher, Enoch Brown.<ref>Jaclyn Schildkraut and H. Jaymi Elsass, ''Mass Shootings: Media, Myths, and Realities'' (ABC-CLIO, 2016) p30</ref> The massacre happens in the course of [[Pontiac's War]], as retaliation against white settlement of Indian lands in central Pennsylvania.  One student, Archie McCullough, manages to escape the carnage; a memorial is erected 120 years later on August 4, 1884.<ref>''Electra'' magazine (November 1885) p332</ref>
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* [[July 31]] &ndash; Johnson arrives at the Niagara River site to meet with the representatives of the Indian nations.<ref name= McNab>David T. McNab, ''Circles of Time: Aboriginal Land Rights and Resistance in Ontario'' (Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999) pp49-50</ref>
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* [[August 1]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Fort Niagara]] is signed between Great Britain and 44 North American Indian nations,<ref>"Niagara, Treaty of", by Karl S. Hele, in ''The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History'', ed. by Spencer C. Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p566</ref> bring an end to the ongoing war that had started in 1756 with most of the northern Indian tribes. Sir William Johnson appears on behalf of Britain, and principal chiefs appear for the [[Iroquois Confederacy]], [[Wabash Confederacy]], [[Illini Confederacy]], [[Haudenosaunee]], [[Seneca tribe|Seneca]], [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]], [[Menominee]], [[Algonquin people|Algonquin]], [[Nipissing First Nation|Nipissing]], [[Ojibwa]], [[Mississaugas]], [[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]], [[Abenaki]], [[Huron-Wendat Nation|Huron]], and [[Onondaga (tribe)|Onondaga]].<ref name= McNab/>
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* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]] is elected as the King of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].
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=== October&ndash;December ===
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* [[October 15]] &ndash; English scholar [[Edward Gibbon]] conceives the idea of writing ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'', "as I sat musing amid the ruins of the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]".
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* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[Battle of Buxar]]: The [[British East India Company]] defeats the combined armies of [[Mir Qasim]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]], the [[Nawab of Awadh]], and [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]].
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* [[November 9]] &ndash; [[Mary Campbell (colonial settler)|Mary Campbell]], a captive of the [[Lenape]] during the [[French and Indian War]], is turned over to forces commanded by Colonel [[Henry Bouquet]].
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=== Date unknown ===
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* The [[Royal Colony of North Carolina]] establishes a new county from the eastern portion of [[Granville County, North Carolina|Granville County]] and names it [[Bute County, North Carolina|Bute County]] for [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute]], who had recently resigned his post as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of Great Britain]].  In [[1779]] the [[North Carolina|State of North Carolina]] abolishes the county, when it forms [[Warren County, North Carolina|Warren County]] from the northern portion and [[Franklin County, North Carolina|Franklin County]] from the southern portion.
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* The [[Kingdom of France|French]] government withdraws the wartime taxes.
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* [[Catherine the Great]] establishes the first secondary education school for females in Russia &ndash; The [[Smolny Institute]], for girls of the nobility in St. Petersburg.
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* [[Chief Pontiac]], participating in an armed conflict with other native tribes against British military, participates in a dialogue and exchange with the military of Britain, resulting eventually in a negotiated peace treaty.<ref>Thomas R. Church (Major) 2015 - [http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1001264.pdf dtic.mil] January 2015 Accessed February 17, 2018</ref><ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-938bou?view=text Manuscripts division] [[University of Michigan]] Accessed February 17, 2018</ref>
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==Publications==
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* [[Cesare Beccaria]] - ''[[On Crimes and Punishments]] (Dei delitti e delle pene)'', a founding work of [[penology]]
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* [[Immanuel Kant]] - ''[[Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime]] (Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen)''
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* [[Voltaire]] - ''[[Dictionnaire philosophique]]''
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* [[Horace Walpole]] - ''[[The Castle of Otranto]]'' "a story, translated by William Marshal, Gent., from the original Italian of Onuphrio Muralto", the first [[Gothic novel]]</onlyinclude>
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== Births ==
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* [[January 17]] &ndash; [[Princess Maria Carolina of Savoy]], crown princess of Saxony, died of smallpox (d. [[1782]])
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* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Joseph Chénier]], French poet  (d. [[1811]])<
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* [[March 13]] &ndash; [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey]], 26th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1845]])
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* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[John Abernethy (surgeon)|John Abernethy]], English surgeon (d. [[1831]])
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* [[April 13]] &ndash; [[Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr]], French marshal (d. [[1830]])
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* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Rudolph Ackermann]], German-born English entrepreneur (d. [[1834]])
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* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Princess Élisabeth of France]], sister of Louis XVI (executed [[1794]])
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* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Robert Craufurd]], Scottish general (k. [[1812]])
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* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Therese Huber]], German writer and scholar (d. [[1829]])<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C&pg=PA573</ref>
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* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Edward Livingston]], American jurist, statesman (d. [[1836]])
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* [[June 5]]  &ndash; [[James Smithson]], British mineralogist, chemist and posthumous founder of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] (d. [[1829]])
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* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[José Gervasio Artigas]], Uruguayan hero of independence (d. [[1850]])
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* [[June 21]] &ndash; [[Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer)|Sidney Smith]], British admiral (d. [[1840]])
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* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Ann Radcliffe]], English Gothic novelist (d. [[1823]])
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* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers]], French general (d. [[1813]])
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* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Judah Leib Ben-Ze'ev]], [[Galician Jews|Galician Jewish]] [[modern Hebrew]] philologist, lexicographer, Biblical scholar and poet (d. [[1811]])
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* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[Henriette Herz]], German salonnière (d. [[1847]])
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* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Pierre Lorillard II]], American businessman, real estate tycoon (d. [[1843]])
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* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[John Goodricke]], English astronomer (d. [[1786]])
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* [[September 25]] &ndash; [[Fletcher Christian]], English sailor and mutineer (d. [[1793]])
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* [[December 7]]
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**[[Pierre Prévost (painter)|Pierre Prévost]], French [[panorama]] painter (d. [[1823]])
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**[[Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno]], Marshal of France (d. [[1841]])
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* ''Date unknown'' &ndash; [[Maria Medina Coeli]], Italian physician (d. [[1846]])
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* ''Approximate date'' &ndash; [[Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)]], Scottish explorer of northern Canada (d. [[1820]])
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== Deaths ==
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* [[January 14]] &ndash; [[Giuseppe Alessandro Furietti]], Italian Catholic cardinal (b. [[1685]])
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* [[March 6]] &ndash; [[Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke]], [[Lord Chancellor|Lord Chancellor of England]] (b. [[1690]])
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* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Frederick Augustus Rutowsky]], German general (b. [[1702]])
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* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield]], English astronomer (b. c.[[1696]])
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* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn (admiral)|Mikhail Mikhalovich Golitsyn]], Russian naval officer (b. [[1684]])
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* [[March 30]] &ndash; [[Pietro Locatelli]], Italian composer (b. [[1695]])
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* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[Marco Benefial]], Italian painter (b. [[1684]])
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* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[Madame de Pompadour]], mistress of King [[Louis XV of France]] (b. [[1721]])<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/25098031 </ref>
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* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Johann Mattheson]], German composer (b. [[1681]])
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* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Francesco Algarotti]], Italian philosopher (b. [[1712]])
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* [[June 29]] &ndash; [[Ralph Allen]], English businessman and politician (b. [[1693]])
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* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath]], English politician (b. [[1683]])
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* [[July 16]] &ndash; Tsar [[Ivan VI of Russia]] (murdered in prison) (b. [[1740]])
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* [[July 23]] &ndash; [[Gilbert Tennent]], Irish-born religious leader (b. [[1703]])
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* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Nathaniel Bliss]], English [[Astronomer Royal]] (b. [[1700]])
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* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]], French composer (b. [[1683]])
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* [[September 23]] &ndash; [[Robert Dodsley]], English writer (b. [[1703]])<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=F5SKgkoYll0C&pg=PA20</ref>
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* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro]], Spanish scholar (b. [[1676]])
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* [[October 2]] &ndash; [[William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1720]])
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* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[Jean-Marie Leclair]], French composer and violinist (murdered) (b. [[1697]])
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* [[October 23]] &ndash; [[Emmanuel-Auguste de Cahideuc, Comte Dubois de la Motte]], French naval officer (b. [[1683]])
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* [[October 26]] &ndash; [[William Hogarth]], English painter and satirist (b. [[1697]])
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* [[November 20]] &ndash; [[Christian Goldbach]], Prussian mathematician (b. [[1690]])
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* [[November 27]] &ndash; [[Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Menshikov]], Russian army officer (b. [[1714]])
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==References==
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{{reflist}}

Latest revision as of 05:43, 21 December 2021

1754 < 1755 < 1756 < 1757 < 1758 < 1759 < 1760 <1761 < 1762 < 1763 < 1764 > 1765 > 1766 > 1767 > 1768 > 1769 > 1770 > 1771 > 1772 > 1773 > 1774
Decade.png ( 1760s: )    Year.png 1764 Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Bête du Gévaudan.jpg
the Beast of Gévaudan starts its depredations, killing over 100 people between 1764 and 1767
Year 1764

Events

January–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Publications

Births

Deaths


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References

  1. ↑ Derek Beales, Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Europe (I.B.Tauris, 2005) p163
  2. ↑ Arthur Cash, John Wilkes: The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty (Yale University Press, 2008) pp169-170
  3. ↑ http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1764
  4. ↑ The Zend-Avesta, translated by James Darmesteter (Clarendon Press, 1880) p xv
  5. ↑ John Foreman, The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule, with an Account of the Succeeding American Insular Government (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906) p97
  6. ↑ David Narrett, Adventurism and Empire: The Struggle for Mastery in the Louisiana-Florida Borderlands, 1762-1803 (University of North Carolina, 2015) p34
  7. ↑ David Narrett, Adventurism and Empire: The Struggle for Mastery in the Louisiana-Florida Borderlands, 1762-1803 (University of North Carolina, 2015) p26
  8. ↑ Brian L. Davies, The Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Catherine II and the Ottoman Empire (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016)
  9. ↑ John B. Dillon, Oddities of Colonial Legislation in America (Robert Douglass Publishing, 1879) p322
  10. ↑ "Mozart's Organ Sonatas", by Orlando A. Mansfield, in The Musical Quarterly (Oct/Dec 1922) p570
  11. ↑ Gregory Fossedal, Direct Democracy in Switzerland (Routledge, 2018)
  12. ↑ Alexander von Humboldt, Political Essay on the Island of Cuba: A Critical Edition, translated by J. Bradford Anderson, et al. (University of Chicago Press, 2011) p110
  13. ↑ William Elliot Griffis, The Romance of American Colonization: How the Foundation Stones of Our History Were Laid (W. A. Wilde & Company, 1898) p259
  14. ↑ William F. Ganong, A Monograph of the Origins of the Settlements in New Brunswick (J. Hope & Sons, 1904) p190
  15. ↑ David Bennett, A Few Lawless Vagabonds: Ethan Allen, the Republic of Vermont, and the American Revolution (Casemate, 2014)
  16. ↑ "Gun Violence and School Safety in American Schools", by Daniel Eadens, et al., in The Wiley Handbook of Educational Policy (Wiley Blackwell, 2018) p384
  17. ↑ Jaclyn Schildkraut and H. Jaymi Elsass, Mass Shootings: Media, Myths, and Realities (ABC-CLIO, 2016) p30
  18. ↑ Electra magazine (November 1885) p332
  19. ↑ a b David T. McNab, Circles of Time: Aboriginal Land Rights and Resistance in Ontario (Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999) pp49-50
  20. ↑ "Niagara, Treaty of", by Karl S. Hele, in The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History, ed. by Spencer C. Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p566
  21. ↑ Thomas R. Church (Major) 2015 - dtic.mil January 2015 Accessed February 17, 2018
  22. ↑ Manuscripts division University of Michigan Accessed February 17, 2018
  23. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C&pg=PA573
  24. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/25098031
  25. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=F5SKgkoYll0C&pg=PA20
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