Difference between revisions of "Manuel Noriega"
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|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Noriega | |wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Noriega | ||
|image=Noriega time.png | |image=Noriega time.png | ||
| + | |death_cause=brain tumor | ||
| + | |death_date=May 29, 2017 | ||
|image_caption=For a year or two, Noriega was [[enemy image|enemy image number 1]] | |image_caption=For a year or two, Noriega was [[enemy image|enemy image number 1]] | ||
|spouses=Felicidad Sieiro de Noriega | |spouses=Felicidad Sieiro de Noriega | ||
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| − | '' | + | '''Manuel Noriega''' was a Panamanian [[military officer]] and [[politician]] who was de facto ruler of Panama from [[1983]] until [[1989]], when he was toppled in a US invasion. |
==Career== | ==Career== | ||
{{FA|CIA/Drug trafficking}} | {{FA|CIA/Drug trafficking}} | ||
| + | {{SMWQ | ||
| + | |subjects=George H. W. Bush,Iran-Contra | ||
| + | |text=I’ve got [[George H. W. Bush|Bush]] by the balls | ||
| + | |date=1988 | ||
| + | |source_URL=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/the-dirty-secrets-of-george-bush-71927/ | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
Noriega rose through the ranks of the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) and became a key figure in Panamanian politics and military leadership. During his rule, he maintained close ties with the [[United States]] and its intelligence agencies, which saw him as a useful ally in the region. | Noriega rose through the ranks of the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) and became a key figure in Panamanian politics and military leadership. During his rule, he maintained close ties with the [[United States]] and its intelligence agencies, which saw him as a useful ally in the region. | ||
| − | However, Noriega's relationship with the United States deteriorated in the late [[1980s]] | + | |
| + | However, Noriega's relationship with the United States deteriorated in the late [[1980s]] for various reasons, including the perception of him growing out of control. In December 1989, the United States invaded Panama in an operation called "Operation Just Cause," with the primary goal of capturing Noriega and "bringing him to justice". | ||
{{YouTubeVideo | {{YouTubeVideo | ||
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==Arrest== | ==Arrest== | ||
| − | After the invasion, Noriega sought refuge in the [[Vatican]] Embassy in Panama City but eventually surrendered to U.S. authorities in January 1992. He was subsequently transported to the United States, where he faced trial on charges related to drug trafficking, [[money laundering]], and racketeering. In [[1992]], he was found guilty and sentenced to 40 years in [[prison]]. | + | {{FA|Invasion of Panama}} |
| + | After the invasion, Noriega sought refuge in the [[Vatican]] Embassy in Panama City but eventually surrendered to U.S. authorities in January 1992. He was subsequently transported to the United States, where he faced trial on charges related to drug trafficking, [[money laundering]], and racketeering. Noriega’s counsel moved to dismiss the indictment on the ground that United States laws could not be applied to a foreign leader whose alleged illegal activities all occurred outside the territorial bounds of the United States. Counsel further argued that Noriega was immune from prosecution as a head of state and diplomat, and that his alleged narcotics offenses constituted acts of state not properly reviewable by the US Court.<ref>https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/united-states-united-states-v-noriega</ref> In [[1992]], he was found guilty and sentenced to 40 years in [[prison]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Noriega was extradited to [[France]] in [[2010]], where he was convicted and sentenced to seven years of imprisonment for [[money laundering]]. In 2011 France extradited him to [[Panama]], where he was incarcerated for crimes committed during his rule, for which he had been tried and convicted in absentia in the [[1990s]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/313360.stm</ref> Diagnosed with a [[brain tumor]] in March 2017, Noriega suffered complications during surgery, and died two months later. | ||
| + | |||
Manuel Noriega's rise and fall illustrate the complex and controversial history of U.S. involvement in Panama and its relationship with strongman leaders in the region during the Cold War era. Noriega's case also highlighted the connections between military regimes, drug trafficking, and international politics in Central America during that period.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/30/general-manuel-noriega-feared-panamanian-dictator-cia-asset</ref> | Manuel Noriega's rise and fall illustrate the complex and controversial history of U.S. involvement in Panama and its relationship with strongman leaders in the region during the Cold War era. Noriega's case also highlighted the connections between military regimes, drug trafficking, and international politics in Central America during that period.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/30/general-manuel-noriega-feared-panamanian-dictator-cia-asset</ref> | ||
{{SMWQ | {{SMWQ | ||
|subjects=Manuel Noriega | |subjects=Manuel Noriega | ||
| − | |text=[Manuel Noriega] allied himself with the [[Medellin Cartel]], his country serving as an important transit point for [[cocaine]] towards the [[United States]]. The [[Reagan]] administration worked with Noriega in support of the [[Nicaraguan contras]], but by [[1989]] the dictator was growing out of control and had become such a liability to the United States, that [[George H. W. Bush]] ordered an [[invasion of Panama]] to capture Noriega. During his trial in the early [[1990s]], numerous witnesses/drug traffickers accused Noriega of drug trafficking, along with ties to George H. W. Bush, Colonel Oliver North and other CIA Contra figures.<ref>https://isgp-studies.com/cia-heroin-and-cocaine-drug-trafficking#37</ref> As the torture-murder of [[Hugo Spadafora]] in particular revealed, Noriega also was an extreme human rights violator who, similarly to the drug cartels and the CIA, had no problem [[torturing]] his enemies to death.<ref>2012, Javier A. Galvan, 'Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers', p. 188.</ref> | + | |text=[Manuel Noriega] allied himself with the [[Medellin Cartel]], his country serving as an important transit point for [[cocaine]] towards the [[United States]]. The [[Reagan]] administration worked with Noriega in support of the [[Nicaraguan contras]], but by [[1989]] the dictator was growing out of control and had become such a liability to the United States, that [[George H. W. Bush]] ordered an [[invasion of Panama]] to capture Noriega. During his trial in the early [[1990s]], numerous witnesses/drug traffickers accused Noriega of drug trafficking, along with ties to George H. W. Bush, Colonel [[Oliver North]] and other CIA Contra figures.<ref>https://isgp-studies.com/cia-heroin-and-cocaine-drug-trafficking#37</ref> As the torture-murder of [[Hugo Spadafora]] in particular revealed, Noriega also was an extreme human rights violator who, similarly to the [[drug cartels]] and the CIA, had no problem [[torturing]] his enemies to death.<ref>2012, Javier A. Galvan, 'Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers', p. 188.</ref> |
|authors=Joël van der Reijden | |authors=Joël van der Reijden | ||
|date=August 27, 2016 | |date=August 27, 2016 | ||
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|source_URL=https://isgp-studies.com/cia-heroin-and-cocaine-drug-trafficking#noriega | |source_URL=https://isgp-studies.com/cia-heroin-and-cocaine-drug-trafficking#noriega | ||
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{{SMWDocs}} | {{SMWDocs}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
Revision as of 09:36, 3 September 2023
 Manuel Noriega    (soldier) | |
|---|---|
 For a year or two, Noriega was enemy image number 1 | |
| Born | Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno 11 February 1934 Panama City, Republic of Panama |
| Died | May 29, 2017 (Age 83) |
Cause of death | brain tumor |
| Alma mater | Chorrillos Military School, School of the Americas |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Children | 3 |
| Spouse | Felicidad Sieiro de Noriega |
Manuel Noriega was a Panamanian military officer and politician who was de facto ruler of Panama from 1983 until 1989, when he was toppled in a US invasion.
Career
- Full article:
CIA/Drug trafficking
- Full article:
“I’ve got Bush by the balls”
Manuel Noriega (1988) [1]
Noriega rose through the ranks of the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) and became a key figure in Panamanian politics and military leadership. During his rule, he maintained close ties with the United States and its intelligence agencies, which saw him as a useful ally in the region.
However, Noriega's relationship with the United States deteriorated in the late 1980s for various reasons, including the perception of him growing out of control. In December 1989, the United States invaded Panama in an operation called "Operation Just Cause," with the primary goal of capturing Noriega and "bringing him to justice".
| How the CIA Created a Cocaine Dictator - VICE NEWS
In December 1989, 25,00 US troops invaded the small, Central American republic of Panama. But this was not a war against some communist regime or terrorist group – this was a drugs bust, aimed at arresting Manuel Noriega, the dictator of Panama, who was wanted on trafficking charges in Miami. Awkwardly for the US, Noriega had been a major CIA asset for decades – even as they knew he was becoming massively embedded with the cartels flooding the streets of the US with coke. This is how US intelligence shielded Noriega, even as he trafficked cocaine and laundered cartel millions – and also how the War on Drugs came to replace the Cold War as the central feature of US foreign policy. |
Arrest
- Full article: Invasion of Panama
- Full article: Invasion of Panama
After the invasion, Noriega sought refuge in the Vatican Embassy in Panama City but eventually surrendered to U.S. authorities in January 1992. He was subsequently transported to the United States, where he faced trial on charges related to drug trafficking, money laundering, and racketeering. Noriega’s counsel moved to dismiss the indictment on the ground that United States laws could not be applied to a foreign leader whose alleged illegal activities all occurred outside the territorial bounds of the United States. Counsel further argued that Noriega was immune from prosecution as a head of state and diplomat, and that his alleged narcotics offenses constituted acts of state not properly reviewable by the US Court.[2] In 1992, he was found guilty and sentenced to 40 years in prison.
Noriega was extradited to France in 2010, where he was convicted and sentenced to seven years of imprisonment for money laundering. In 2011 France extradited him to Panama, where he was incarcerated for crimes committed during his rule, for which he had been tried and convicted in absentia in the 1990s.[3] Diagnosed with a brain tumor in March 2017, Noriega suffered complications during surgery, and died two months later.
Manuel Noriega's rise and fall illustrate the complex and controversial history of U.S. involvement in Panama and its relationship with strongman leaders in the region during the Cold War era. Noriega's case also highlighted the connections between military regimes, drug trafficking, and international politics in Central America during that period.[4]
“[Manuel Noriega] allied himself with the Medellin Cartel, his country serving as an important transit point for cocaine towards the United States. The Reagan administration worked with Noriega in support of the Nicaraguan contras, but by 1989 the dictator was growing out of control and had become such a liability to the United States, that George H. W. Bush ordered an invasion of Panama to capture Noriega. During his trial in the early 1990s, numerous witnesses/drug traffickers accused Noriega of drug trafficking, along with ties to George H. W. Bush, Colonel Oliver North and other CIA Contra figures.[5] As the torture-murder of Hugo Spadafora in particular revealed, Noriega also was an extreme human rights violator who, similarly to the drug cartels and the CIA, had no problem torturing his enemies to death.[6]”
Joël van der Reijden (August 27, 2016) [7]
References
- ↑ https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/the-dirty-secrets-of-george-bush-71927/
- ↑ https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/united-states-united-states-v-noriega
- ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/313360.stm
- ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/30/general-manuel-noriega-feared-panamanian-dictator-cia-asset
- ↑ https://isgp-studies.com/cia-heroin-and-cocaine-drug-trafficking#37
- ↑ 2012, Javier A. Galvan, 'Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers', p. 188.
- ↑ https://isgp-studies.com/cia-heroin-and-cocaine-drug-trafficking#noriega ISGP
