Difference between revisions of "Abu Nidal Organisation"

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|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization
 
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization
 
|founders=Abu Nidal
 
|founders=Abu Nidal
 +
|image=Rome airport 1985.jpg
 +
|image_caption=Aftermath in a fast food restaurant in the [[Leonardo da Vinci International Airport]] in [[Rome]] after a 1985 Abu Nidal attack
 
|start=1974
 
|start=1974
 
|end=1997
 
|end=1997
 
|description=Palestinian terrorist group infiltrated and steered by [[Mossad]].
 
|description=Palestinian terrorist group infiltrated and steered by [[Mossad]].
 
}}
 
}}
−
The '''Abu Nidal Organisation''' ('''ANO''') was a terrorist organisation carried out worldwide [[hijackings]], [[assassinations]], kidnappings of diplomats, and attacks on overseas Jewish targets. It was responsible for 90 such attacks between [[1974]] and [[1992]]. . Known as one of the most uncompromisingly militant and brutal Palestinian groups, it was also a convenient tool for [[Mossad]], which had infiltrated its leadership and could then selected targets. Broadly speaking, such targets included moderate PLO leaders interested in dialogue with Israel; attacks meant to compromise PLO's position in [[Europe]] and [[Africa]]; and moves sabotaging the Palestinian resistance after the [[1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon]]. The last part included recruiting several hundred Palestinians to a militia, for then to execute them.
+
The '''Abu Nidal Organisation''' ('''ANO''') was a "[[terrorist]]" organisation carried out worldwide [[hijackings]], [[assassinations]], kidnappings of diplomats, and attacks on overseas Jewish targets. It was responsible for 90 such attacks between [[1974]] and [[1992]]. . Known as one of the most uncompromisingly militant and brutal Palestinian groups, it was also a convenient tool for [[Mossad]], which had infiltrated its leadership and could then selected targets. Broadly speaking, such targets included moderate PLO leaders interested in dialogue with Israel; attacks meant to compromise PLO's position in [[Europe]] and [[Africa]]; and moves sabotaging the Palestinian resistance after the [[1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon]]. The last part included recruiting several hundred Palestinians to a militia, for then to mass execute them.
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
−
The Abu Nidal Organisation ([[ANO]]) is the most common name for the '[[Palestinian]] nationalist militant group Fatah – The Revolutionary Council (Fatah al-Majles al-Thawry). The ANO is named after its founder [[Abu Nidal]]. It was created by a split from [[Yasser Arafat]]'s Fatah faction of the [[PLO]] in [[1974]].<ref>''[https://mackenzieinstitute.com/terrorism-profile-abu-nidal-organization-ano/ "Abu Nidal Organisation (ANO)"]''</ref>
+
The Abu Nidal Organisation ([[ANO]]) is the most common name for the '[[Palestinian]] nationalist militant group Fatah – The Revolutionary Council (Fatah al-Majles al-Thawry). The ANO is named after its founder [[Abu Nidal]]. It was created by a split from [[Yasser Arafat]]'s Fatah faction of the [[PLO]] in [[1974]].<ref>''[https://mackenzieinstitute.com/terrorism-profile-abu-nidal-organization-ano/ "Abu Nidal Organisation (ANO)"]''</ref> The organization moved its headquarters several times, as it changed patrons, from [[Iraq]] to Syria]], ending up in [[Lebanon[[ and [[Libya]]. Notacibly missing, was any presence in the [[Occupied Territories]].
  
 
===Infiltrated by Israel===
 
===Infiltrated by Israel===
 
According to [[Abu Nidal]]'s biographer [[Patrick Searle]], the ANO was an [[Israeli]] creation. Immediately after the the Israeli death squads [[Kidon]] (led by [[Mike Harari]]) stopped its assassinations of Palestinian leaders, the ANO took over the operation. According to Searle, it is almost certain leading people in the ANO "secretariat" (command and control) worked for the Israeli intelligence service [[Mossad]]. Seale spoke to many Arab intelligence officers, both Palestinian to officers in countries loyal to [[Israel]]. They all said [[Ghassan al-Ali]], the man running the ANO, was [[Mossad]]<ref>Searle, 1992; quoted in [[Ola Tunander]], <i>Libyakrigen</i>, 2018, page 92</ref>
 
According to [[Abu Nidal]]'s biographer [[Patrick Searle]], the ANO was an [[Israeli]] creation. Immediately after the the Israeli death squads [[Kidon]] (led by [[Mike Harari]]) stopped its assassinations of Palestinian leaders, the ANO took over the operation. According to Searle, it is almost certain leading people in the ANO "secretariat" (command and control) worked for the Israeli intelligence service [[Mossad]]. Seale spoke to many Arab intelligence officers, both Palestinian to officers in countries loyal to [[Israel]]. They all said [[Ghassan al-Ali]], the man running the ANO, was [[Mossad]]<ref>Searle, 1992; quoted in [[Ola Tunander]], <i>Libyakrigen</i>, 2018, page 92</ref>
 +
 +
The organization also commits a number of mercenary operations, blackmail operations against corporations and governments, as well as operations to please the the host country.
  
 
===Operations===
 
===Operations===
−
[[Abu Nidal]]'s first operation took place on September 5, [[1973]], when five armed men entered the Saudi embassy in [[Paris]], where they took 11 hostages and threatened to blow up the entire building if the authorities did not meet their requirements.
+
Attacks include (selection):
 +
==1977==
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Assassinations of moderate PLO leaders===
 +
*'''November 15, 1977:''' Assassination of the director of the [[Institut du Monde Arabe]] in Paris
 +
*'''January 4, 1978:''' Assassination of [[Said Hammami]], PLO representative in London, [[United Kingdom]].
 +
*'''1978:''' Assassination of PLO representative in [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]].
 +
*'''June 15, 1978:''' Assassination of Ali Yassin, PLO representative in [[Kuwait]].
 +
*'''August 3, 1978:''' Izz al-Din al-Kalak, PLO representative to [[Paris]], was assassinated along with an assistant.<ref name="ict.org.il">[http://www.ict.org.il/organizations/orgdet.cfm?orgid=2 ICT – International Institute for Counter-Terrorism<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197808030002</ref>
 +
*'''August 5, 1978:''' PLO offices in [[Islamabad]] were raided by ANO militants, leaving four dead and an unknown number of wounded.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1978/08/06/archives/4-slain-in-pakistan-in-a-raid-on-plo-iraqis-suspected-terrorists.html</ref><ref>https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197808050001</ref>
 +
*'''1978:''' Assassination of PLO representative in Rome, Italy.
 +
*'''1978:''' Assassination of PLO representative in Madrid, Spain.
 +
*'''June 1, 1981:''' Killing of Naim Khader, the PLO representative in Belgium.
 +
*'''August 1, 1981:''' Fatah chief [[Abu Daoud]] was shot multiple times in the Victoria Intercontinental Hotel in [[Warsaw]], Poland but survived. He later claimed the attempted assassination was carried out by a Palestinian double agent recruited by the [[Mossad]]. According to Polish sources, the suspected perpetrator was a person known as Daher Hussein. Samir Hassan Najmadeen, who was Abu Nidal's "accountant", was suspected of taking part in the operation.<ref name="daoud">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vn4xAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z6QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1201,2333085&dq=daoud&hl=en</ref><ref name="poland1">https://polska1918-89.pl/pdf/miedzynarodowi-terrorysci-w-prl---historia-niewymuszonej-wspolpracy,2525.pdf</ref><ref name="poland2">https://www.polska1918-89.pl/pdf/szakal-w-warszawie-,2105.pdf</ref>
 +
*'''October 6, 1981:''' PLO officer Majed Abu Sharar was assassinated by a bomb hidden in his hotel room in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]. ANO claimed he was compromising the principles of the revolution.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=2999 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref><ref>https://yaf.ps/page-1122-en.html</ref>
 +
*'''1982:''' Assassination of PLO official in [[Madrid]], [[Spain]].
 +
*'''April 10, 1983''': Noted PLO dove and Arafat aide [[Issam Sartawi]] was killed at the [[Socialist International]] conference in [[Albufeira]], [[Portugal]].<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=3515 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref><ref>https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/terrorist-attacks-attributed-to-abu-nidal-1972-1997</ref>
 +
*'''December 26, 1984:''' Bombing of the home of veteran [[Fatah]] and PLO leader [[Hani al-Hassan]] (a.k.a. Abu Tariq, Abu al-Hassan), in Amman, Jordan. ANO used the name Black September.'
 +
*'''December 29, 1984:''' Assassination in Amman of former [[Hebron]] mayor and [[West Bank]] moderate Fahd Qawasma, who had previously been deported by Israel for alleged incitement to violence. ANO used the name of Black September.
 +
*'''January 14, 1991:''' Assassination in [[Tunis]] of [[Abu Iyad]], a top-ranking Fatah leader, who was Arafat's closest aide and the PLO's second-in-command. Also killed is the PLO Western ([[Israel]]) Sector commander Abu Hul and one of their bodyguards.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=6356 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref>
  
−
Major attacks included the [[Rome]] and [[Vienna]] airport attacks in December [[1985]], the [[Neve Shalom synagogue in Istanbul]], synagogues in [[Paris]] and [[Vienna]], and the [[Pan Am Flight 73]] hijacking in Karachi in September [[1986]], and the City of Poros day-excursion ship attack in [[Greece]] in July 1988. The ANO is presumed responsible for the assassination of [[Heinz Nittel]] in [[1981]], a leader of the Austrian Socialist party and the president of the [[Austrian-Israeli Friendship League]].
+
==Attacks to compromise PLO==
 +
*'''August 29, 1981:''' [[1981 Vienna synagogue attack]]: Two men attacked a [[Vienna]] synagogue with machine guns. Two civilians were killed and 23 wounded, including three policemen. The attackers were arrested and imprisoned.<ref>https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/147611</ref>
 +
*'''September 4, 1981:''' The French ambassador to [[Lebanon]], Louis Delamare, was assassinated in Beirut in a bungled kidnap attempt.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=2957 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref>
 +
*'''May 1, 1981:''' Assassination of councilman [[Heinz Nittel]] in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]. Nittel was President of the Austrian-Israeli Friendship Association and had been involved in the peace process in Israel.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=2856 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref><ref>https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198105010001</ref>
 +
*'''September 23, 1981:''' Five Greek Cypriots were injured in a grenade attack on shipping offices in [[Limassol]].<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=2985 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref>
 +
*'''May 14, 1984:''' A bomb blast in [[Attica]], Greece, left more than 53 people injured.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/15/world/around-the-world-explosion-in-athens-leaves-53-injured.html</ref><ref>https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198405140001</ref>
  
−
===Attacks on the PLO===
+
==Attacks to damage Palestinian standing==
−
The ANO has been especially noted for its uncompromising stance on negotiation with [[Israel]], treating anything less than all-out military struggle against Israel as treachery. This led the group to perform numerous attacks against the [[PLO]], very convenient for [[Israel]]. [[ANO]] is believed to have assassinated [[PLO]] deputy chief [[Abu Iyad]] and PLO security chief [[Abul Hul]] in [[Tunis]] in January [[1991]]. It assassinated a [[Jordan]]ian diplomat in [[Lebanon]] in January 1994 and has been linked to the killing of the PLO representative there. Noted PLO moderate [[Issam Sartawi]] was killed by the [[ANO]] in [[1983]]. In the late 1970s, the group also made a failed assassination attempt on the present Palestinian president and PLO chairman, [[Mahmoud Abbas]].  
+
*'''October 1977:''' Second assassination attempt on Syrian foreign minister [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] at [[Abu Dhabi Airport]]. The attack was on behalf of Iraq. During the attack, the foreign minister of the [[United Arab Emirates]] [[Saif Ghobash]] was killed by accident. The killing of Ghobash seriously damages PLO's future standing in the UAE.  
 +
*'''August 9, 1982:''' During an [[attack on Goldenberg Restaurant]] in the [[Jew]]ish quarter of Paris, six people are killed and 22 wounded.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=3320 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref>
 +
*'''September 16, 1985:''' Grenades were thrown into a popular tourist attraction, the Cafe de Paris in Rome, Italy, wounding 38 people.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=4354 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref>
 +
*'''September 16, 1985:''' Grenades were thrown into a popular tourist attraction, the Cafe de Paris in Rome, Italy, wounding 38 people.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=4354 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref>
 +
*'''December 27, 1985:''' [[Rome and Vienna Airport Attacks|Attacks]] on Israeli [[El Al]] airport counters in [[Rome]] and [[Vienna]]. 18 dead, 111 wounded.
 +
*'''September 6, 1986:''' Gunmen stormed the [[Neve Shalom synagogue]] in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] during the [[Shabbat|Sabbath]]. They shot 22 people dead and set fire to the building before being killed in the (possibly deliberate) detonation of a grenade.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=4719 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref>
 +
*'''May 15, 1988:''' Simultaneous gun and grenade attacks on the [[Acropole Hotel]] and the Sudan Club in [[Khartoum]] aimed at Western diplomats and their families. Four Britons, three Americans and two [[Sudan]]ese killed, 21 people wounded.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=5574 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref>
 +
*'''May 11, 1988:''' A large truck bomb explodes close to the Israeli embassy in [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]]. The driver is one of the three people killed, apparently when an accomplice remotely detonated the device early. 19 people were injured.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=5571 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref>
 +
*'''July 11, 1988:''' A [[car bomb]] explodes prematurely at a pier in Athens, killing two ANO members. This is followed by an attack on the [[cruise ship]] ''[[City of Poros (ship)|City of Poros]]'', which leaves nine dead and 98 wounded.
  
−
Despite its strident rhetoric, the group was noticably absent during from the occupied territories.
+
==Creating pretext for Lebanon war==
 +
*'''June 3, 1982:''' Attempted assassination in London of [[Shlomo Argov]], [[Israel]]i ambassador to the United Kingdom. The Israeli government blamed the PLO for the attack, and this was one of the incidents which provoked a large-scale [[1982 Lebanon War|invasion]] of [[Lebanon]] on June 6. Argov was permanently disabled and died of his injuries 21 years later.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=3241 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]</ref>
  
 
===Infiltration===
 
===Infiltration===
 
Having bases in among other places [[Libya]] and [[Iraq]], the [[ANO]] managed to significantly infiltrate the [[Libya]]n intelligence services.
 
Having bases in among other places [[Libya]] and [[Iraq]], the [[ANO]] managed to significantly infiltrate the [[Libya]]n intelligence services.
  
−
[[Abu Nidal]] himself died of between one and four gunshot wounds in [[Baghdad]] in August [[2002]].<ref>''[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/20/israel "Mystery death of Abu Nidal, once the world's most wanted terrorist"]''</ref>
 
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{reflist}}

Revision as of 11:11, 15 October 2023

Group.png Abu Nidal Organisation  Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Rome airport 1985.jpg
Aftermath in a fast food restaurant in the Leonardo da Vinci International Airport in Rome after a 1985 Abu Nidal attack
Formation1974
FounderAbu Nidal
Extinction1997
Palestinian terrorist group infiltrated and steered by Mossad.

The Abu Nidal Organisation (ANO) was a "terrorist" organisation carried out worldwide hijackings, assassinations, kidnappings of diplomats, and attacks on overseas Jewish targets. It was responsible for 90 such attacks between 1974 and 1992. . Known as one of the most uncompromisingly militant and brutal Palestinian groups, it was also a convenient tool for Mossad, which had infiltrated its leadership and could then selected targets. Broadly speaking, such targets included moderate PLO leaders interested in dialogue with Israel; attacks meant to compromise PLO's position in Europe and Africa; and moves sabotaging the Palestinian resistance after the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon. The last part included recruiting several hundred Palestinians to a militia, for then to mass execute them.

History

The Abu Nidal Organisation (ANO) is the most common name for the 'Palestinian nationalist militant group Fatah – The Revolutionary Council (Fatah al-Majles al-Thawry). The ANO is named after its founder Abu Nidal. It was created by a split from Yasser Arafat's Fatah faction of the PLO in 1974.[1] The organization moved its headquarters several times, as it changed patrons, from Iraq to Syria]], ending up in [[Lebanon[[ and Libya. Notacibly missing, was any presence in the Occupied Territories.

Infiltrated by Israel

According to Abu Nidal's biographer Patrick Searle, the ANO was an Israeli creation. Immediately after the the Israeli death squads Kidon (led by Mike Harari) stopped its assassinations of Palestinian leaders, the ANO took over the operation. According to Searle, it is almost certain leading people in the ANO "secretariat" (command and control) worked for the Israeli intelligence service Mossad. Seale spoke to many Arab intelligence officers, both Palestinian to officers in countries loyal to Israel. They all said Ghassan al-Ali, the man running the ANO, was Mossad[2]

The organization also commits a number of mercenary operations, blackmail operations against corporations and governments, as well as operations to please the the host country.

Operations

Attacks include (selection):

1977

Assassinations of moderate PLO leaders

  • November 15, 1977: Assassination of the director of the Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris
  • January 4, 1978: Assassination of Said Hammami, PLO representative in London, United Kingdom.
  • 1978: Assassination of PLO representative in Brussels, Belgium.
  • June 15, 1978: Assassination of Ali Yassin, PLO representative in Kuwait.
  • August 3, 1978: Izz al-Din al-Kalak, PLO representative to Paris, was assassinated along with an assistant.[3][4]
  • August 5, 1978: PLO offices in Islamabad were raided by ANO militants, leaving four dead and an unknown number of wounded.[5][6]
  • 1978: Assassination of PLO representative in Rome, Italy.
  • 1978: Assassination of PLO representative in Madrid, Spain.
  • June 1, 1981: Killing of Naim Khader, the PLO representative in Belgium.
  • August 1, 1981: Fatah chief Abu Daoud was shot multiple times in the Victoria Intercontinental Hotel in Warsaw, Poland but survived. He later claimed the attempted assassination was carried out by a Palestinian double agent recruited by the Mossad. According to Polish sources, the suspected perpetrator was a person known as Daher Hussein. Samir Hassan Najmadeen, who was Abu Nidal's "accountant", was suspected of taking part in the operation.[7][8][9]
  • October 6, 1981: PLO officer Majed Abu Sharar was assassinated by a bomb hidden in his hotel room in Rome, Italy. ANO claimed he was compromising the principles of the revolution.[10][11]
  • 1982: Assassination of PLO official in Madrid, Spain.
  • April 10, 1983: Noted PLO dove and Arafat aide Issam Sartawi was killed at the Socialist International conference in Albufeira, Portugal.[12][13]
  • December 26, 1984: Bombing of the home of veteran Fatah and PLO leader Hani al-Hassan (a.k.a. Abu Tariq, Abu al-Hassan), in Amman, Jordan. ANO used the name Black September.'
  • December 29, 1984: Assassination in Amman of former Hebron mayor and West Bank moderate Fahd Qawasma, who had previously been deported by Israel for alleged incitement to violence. ANO used the name of Black September.
  • January 14, 1991: Assassination in Tunis of Abu Iyad, a top-ranking Fatah leader, who was Arafat's closest aide and the PLO's second-in-command. Also killed is the PLO Western (Israel) Sector commander Abu Hul and one of their bodyguards.[14]

Attacks to compromise PLO

  • August 29, 1981: 1981 Vienna synagogue attack: Two men attacked a Vienna synagogue with machine guns. Two civilians were killed and 23 wounded, including three policemen. The attackers were arrested and imprisoned.[15]
  • September 4, 1981: The French ambassador to Lebanon, Louis Delamare, was assassinated in Beirut in a bungled kidnap attempt.[16]
  • May 1, 1981: Assassination of councilman Heinz Nittel in Vienna, Austria. Nittel was President of the Austrian-Israeli Friendship Association and had been involved in the peace process in Israel.[17][18]
  • September 23, 1981: Five Greek Cypriots were injured in a grenade attack on shipping offices in Limassol.[19]
  • May 14, 1984: A bomb blast in Attica, Greece, left more than 53 people injured.[20][21]

Attacks to damage Palestinian standing

  • October 1977: Second assassination attempt on Syrian foreign minister Abdul Halim Khaddam at Abu Dhabi Airport. The attack was on behalf of Iraq. During the attack, the foreign minister of the United Arab Emirates Saif Ghobash was killed by accident. The killing of Ghobash seriously damages PLO's future standing in the UAE.
  • August 9, 1982: During an attack on Goldenberg Restaurant in the Jewish quarter of Paris, six people are killed and 22 wounded.[22]
  • September 16, 1985: Grenades were thrown into a popular tourist attraction, the Cafe de Paris in Rome, Italy, wounding 38 people.[23]
  • September 16, 1985: Grenades were thrown into a popular tourist attraction, the Cafe de Paris in Rome, Italy, wounding 38 people.[24]
  • December 27, 1985: Attacks on Israeli El Al airport counters in Rome and Vienna. 18 dead, 111 wounded.
  • September 6, 1986: Gunmen stormed the Neve Shalom synagogue in Istanbul, Turkey during the Sabbath. They shot 22 people dead and set fire to the building before being killed in the (possibly deliberate) detonation of a grenade.[25]
  • May 15, 1988: Simultaneous gun and grenade attacks on the Acropole Hotel and the Sudan Club in Khartoum aimed at Western diplomats and their families. Four Britons, three Americans and two Sudanese killed, 21 people wounded.[26]
  • May 11, 1988: A large truck bomb explodes close to the Israeli embassy in Nicosia, Cyprus. The driver is one of the three people killed, apparently when an accomplice remotely detonated the device early. 19 people were injured.[27]
  • July 11, 1988: A car bomb explodes prematurely at a pier in Athens, killing two ANO members. This is followed by an attack on the cruise ship City of Poros, which leaves nine dead and 98 wounded.

Creating pretext for Lebanon war

  • June 3, 1982: Attempted assassination in London of Shlomo Argov, Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom. The Israeli government blamed the PLO for the attack, and this was one of the incidents which provoked a large-scale invasion of Lebanon on June 6. Argov was permanently disabled and died of his injuries 21 years later.[28]

Infiltration

Having bases in among other places Libya and Iraq, the ANO managed to significantly infiltrate the Libyan intelligence services.


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References

  1. ↑ "Abu Nidal Organisation (ANO)"
  2. ↑ Searle, 1992; quoted in Ola Tunander, Libyakrigen, 2018, page 92
  3. ↑ ICT – International Institute for Counter-Terrorism
  4. ↑ https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197808030002
  5. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1978/08/06/archives/4-slain-in-pakistan-in-a-raid-on-plo-iraqis-suspected-terrorists.html
  6. ↑ https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197808050001
  7. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vn4xAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z6QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1201,2333085&dq=daoud&hl=en
  8. ↑ https://polska1918-89.pl/pdf/miedzynarodowi-terrorysci-w-prl---historia-niewymuszonej-wspolpracy,2525.pdf
  9. ↑ https://www.polska1918-89.pl/pdf/szakal-w-warszawie-,2105.pdf
  10. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  11. ↑ https://yaf.ps/page-1122-en.html
  12. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  13. ↑ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/terrorist-attacks-attributed-to-abu-nidal-1972-1997
  14. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  15. ↑ https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/147611
  16. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  17. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  18. ↑ https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198105010001
  19. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  20. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/15/world/around-the-world-explosion-in-athens-leaves-53-injured.html
  21. ↑ https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198405140001
  22. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  23. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  24. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  25. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  26. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  27. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  28. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
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