Difference between revisions of "1859"

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== Events ==
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=== January–March ===
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* [[January 21]] – [[José Mariano Salas]] (1797-1867) becomes unconstitutional interim [[President of Mexico]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190608191655/http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/jose-mariano-salas/</ref>
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* [[January 24]] ([[Old Style and New Style dates|O. S.]]) – [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] are [[United Principalities|united]] under [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] ([[Romania]] since 1866, final unification takes place on December 1, [[1918]]; Transylvania and other regions are still missing at that time).
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* [[January 28]] – The city of [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] is incorporated in the [[Washington Territory]] of the United States of America.
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* [[February 2]] – [[Miguel Miramón]] (1832-1867) becomes unconstitutional interim [[President of Mexico]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190608191655/https://presidentes.mx/miguel-miramon</ref>
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* [[February 4]] – German scholar [[Constantin von Tischendorf]] rediscovers the ''[[Codex Sinaiticus]]'', a 4th-century [[Uncial script|uncial]] manuscript of the [[Koine Greek|Greek]] [[Bible]], in [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] on the foot of [[Mount Sinai]], in the [[Khedivate of Egypt]].
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* [[February 14]] – [[Oregon]] is admitted as the 33rd [[U.S. state]].
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* [[February 12]] – The [[Mekteb-i Mülkiye]] School is founded in the [[Ottoman Empire]].
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* [[February 17]] – French naval forces under [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] capture the city and [[Citadel of Saigon]] in [[Vietnam]], beginning the [[Siege of Saigon]].
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* [[February 27]] – United States Congressman [[Daniel Sickles]] shoots [[Philip Barton Key (U.S. District Attorney)]] for having an affair with his wife.
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* [[March 3]] – Construction begins on the first railway in northern [[India]] as tracks are laid between the modern-day locations of [[Allahabad]] and [[Kanpur]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060202041429/http://www.northrail.org/scripts/static/history.aspx</ref>
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* [[March 9]] – The army of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] mobilizes against Austria, beginning the crisis which will lead to the [[Austro-Sardinian War]].
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* [[March 21]] – The [[Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]] issues the charter establishing the [[Zoological Society of Philadelphia]], the first organization of its kind in the United States, and founder of the nation's first zoo.
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* [[March 26]] – French amateur astronomer [[Edmond Modeste Lescarbault]] claims to have noticed a planet closer to the Sun than Mercury (later named [[Vulcan (hypothetical planet)|Vulcan]]).
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=== April–June ===
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* [[April 13]] – [[The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art]] is founded by [[Peter Cooper]], a New York industrialist, inventor and philanthropist.
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* [[April 25]] – Ground is broken for the [[Suez Canal]], in Egypt.
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* [[April 28]] – The ''[[Pomona (ship)|Pomona]]'' is wrecked off the English coast, with 424 dead.
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* [[April 29]] – Austrian troops begin to cross the [[Ticino River]] to [[Piedmont]].
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* [[April 30]] – ''[[A Tale of Two Cities]]'' by [[Charles Dickens]] is published in England.
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* [[May 4]] – The [[Cornwall Railway]] opens across the [[Royal Albert Bridge]], linking the counties of [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]] in England.
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* [[May 5]] – Border Treaty between [[Brazil]] and [[Venezuela]]: The two countries agree their borders should be traced at the water divide, between the [[Amazon River|Amazon]] and the [[Orinoco]] basins.<ref>http://html.rincondelvago.com/venezuela_4.html Problemas Limítrofes de Venezuela (In Spanish)</ref>
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* [[May 22]] – [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies]] is succeeded by his 23-year-old son, [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies]].
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* [[May 26]] – [[Austro-Sardinian War]] – [[Battle of Varese]]: [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s [[Hunters of the Alps]] confront and defeat Austrian forces, led by [[Karl von Urban|Field Marshal-Lieutenant Carl Baron Urban]].
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* [[May 26]], [[June 2]] – [[Geologist]] [[Joseph Prestwich]] and amateur [[archaeologist]] [[John Evans (archaeologist)|John Evans]] report (to the [[Royal Society]] and [[Society of Antiquaries of London]], respectively) the results of their investigations of gravel-pits in the [[Somme valley]] and elsewhere, extending [[human history]] back to what will become known as the [[Paleolithic]] Era.
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* [[May 30]] – [[Battle of Palestro]]: The [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]]ns defeat the Austrian army.
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* [[May 31]] – Big Ben, the [[Big Ben|Great Clock]] at the [[Palace of Westminster]], London, is started.
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* [[June 4]] – [[Austro-Sardinian War]] – [[Battle of Magenta]]: The French and Sardinians defeat the Austrians.
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* [[June 6]] – The British [[Crown colony]] of [[Queensland]] in Australia is created, by [[Separation of Queensland|devolving part of the territory]] of [[New South Wales]] ([[Queensland Day]]).
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* [[June 8]] – The discovery of the [[Comstock Lode]] in the western Utah Territory sets off the Rush to Washoe.
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* [[June 15]] – The so-called [[Pig War (1859)|Pig War]] border dispute between the Americans and the British, over the [[San Juan Islands]], begins by the death of the namesake pig.
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* [[June 17]] – The only recorded [[simoom]] ever in North America hits [[Goleta, California|Goleta]] and [[Santa Barbara, California]].
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* [[June 18]] – [[Aletschhorn]], the second summit of the [[Bernese Alps]], is first ascended.
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* [[June 24]] – [[Battle of Solferino]]: The [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] and the armies of [[Napoleon III]] of France defeat [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] in northern Italy; the battle inspires [[Henri Dunant]] to found the [[Red Cross]].
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* [[June 30]] – [[Charles Blondin]] crosses [[Niagara Falls]] on a [[tightrope]], for the first time.
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=== July–September ===
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* [[July]]
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** Count [[Camillo Benso di Cavour]] resigns, as president of [[Piedmont-Sardinia]].
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** [[Pike's Peak Gold Rush]] begins in the [[Colorado Territory]].
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* [[July 1]] – The first intercollegiate [[baseball]] game is played, between [[Amherst College|Amherst]] and [[Williams College|Williams]] Colleges.
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* [[July 8]] – [[Charles XV of Sweden|Charles XV]] succeeds his father [[Oscar I of Sweden]] and [[Norway]] (as Charles IV).
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* [[July 11]]
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** The chimes of [[Big Ben]] ring for the first time in London.
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** By the preliminary treaty signed at [[Villafranca di Verona|Villafranca]], Italy, [[Lombardy]] is ceded to the French (who immediately cede it to Sardinia), while the Austrians keep [[Venetia (region)|Venetia]], and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war. This brings the [[Austro-Sardinian War]] effectively to a close.
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* [[July 30]] – [[Grand Combin]], one of the highest summits in the Alps, is first ascended.
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* [[August 16]] – The Tuscan National Assembly formally deposes the [[House of Habsburg|House of Habsburg-Lorraine]], ending an ascendancy of 109 years.
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* [[August 27]] – [[Edwin Drake]] drills the first [[oil well]] in the United States, near [[Titusville, Pennsylvania]], starting the [[Pennsylvania oil rush]].
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* [[August 28]]–[[September 2]]– The [[solar storm of 1859]], the largest geomagnetic solar storm on record, causes the [[Aurora|Northern lights]] to be visible as far south as [[Montería]], [[Colombia]] and knocks out [[telegraph]] communication (this is also called the [[Richard Christopher Carrington|Carrington]] event).
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* [[September]] – British merchant [[Thomas Blake Glover]] begins business in [[Nagasaki]], Japan.
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* [[September 17]] – In [[San Francisco]], [[Emperor Norton|Joshua Norton]] proclaims himself to be His Imperial Majesty Emperor Norton I, ''Emperor of the United States'' and ''Protector of Mexico''.
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=== October–December ===
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* [[October 16]] – [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] [[John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry|raids]] the [[Harpers Ferry Armory]] in [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harper's Ferry]], [[Virginia]], in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion.
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* [[October 18]] –  Troops under Colonel [[Robert E. Lee]] overpower [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]], at the Federal arsenal.
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* [[October 26]] – The steamship ''[[Royal Charter (ship)|Royal Charter]]'' is wrecked on the coast of [[Anglesey]], Wales, with 454 dead.
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* [[November 1]] – The current [[Cape Lookout (North Carolina)|Cape Lookout]], [[North Carolina]], [[Cape Lookout Lighthouse|lighthouse]] is lighted for the first time (its first-order [[Fresnel lens]] can be seen for 19 miles).
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* [[November 10]] – The [[Treaty of Zürich]], reaffirming the terms of the [[Treaty of Villafranca]], brings the [[Austro-Sardinian War]] to an official close.
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* [[November 15]] – The first [[Zappas Olympics]] open in Greece.
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* [[November 24]]
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** English naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] publishes ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'', a book which argues for the gradual [[evolution]] of [[species]] through [[natural selection]] (it immediately sells out its initial print run).
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** The French Navy's ''[[La Gloire]]'', the first ocean-going ironclad warship in history, is launched.
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* [[December 2]] – Militant [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] leader [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] is hanged for his [[October 16]] raid on [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia]].
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* [[December 10]] – The [[Ateneo de Manila University]] is founded, as the ''Escuela Municipal de Manila''.
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=== Date unknown ===
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* [[District nurse|District nursing]] begins in [[Liverpool]], England, when philanthropist [[William Rathbone VI|William Rathbone]] employs Mary Robinson to nurse the sick poor in their own homes.
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* The island of [[Timor]] is divided between Portugal and the Netherlands.
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* The [[Rancho Rincon de Los Esteros]] Land Grant is confirmed to Rafael Alvisa (part of the present [[Santa Clara County, California]]).
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* [[Bernhard Riemann]] formulates the [[Riemann hypothesis]], one of the most important open problems of contemporary mathematics.
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* [[Brisbane]] is declared the capital of newly separated colony Queensland, Australia.
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* The [[University of Michigan Law School]] is founded.
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* [[Karl Marx]] publishes ''[[A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy]]''.
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* [[John Stuart Mill]] publishes ''[[On Liberty]]''.
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* [[George Eliot]] publishes ''[[Adam Bede]]''.
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* [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] publishes the first set of ''[[Idylls of the King]]''.
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* The [[Society for Promoting the Employment of Women]] is founded.
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* The [[Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School|Mary Institute]] is founded in Missouri.
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* ''[[Tidskrift för hemmet]]'', the first women's magazine in the Nordic countries, begins publication in Sweden.
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* Nillmij, as predecessor of [[Aegon N.V.|Aegon]], an [[Insurance|insurance service]] in worldwide, founded in [[Dutch East Indies]]. (now [[Indonesia]])
 
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==References==
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Latest revision as of 23:39, 28 February 2021

1849 < 1850 < 1851 < 1852 < 1853 < 1854 < 1855 <1856 < 1857 < 1858 < 1859 > 1860 > 1861 > 1862 > 1863 > 1864 > 1865 > 1866 > 1867 > 1868 > 1869
Decade.png ( 1850s: )    Year.png 1859 Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Origin of Species title page.jpg
English naturalist Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species
year 1859

Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

 

Events

EventStartEnd
Pax Brittanica18151915
Victorian era18401901

 

New Groups

GroupImageTypeDescription
Ateneo de Manila UniversityAteneo de Manila University seal.svgMilitary ranks
Research university		Prestigious Philippine university
University of FlorenceUniversity of Florence.pngPublicUniversity located in Florence, Italy
University of Illinois at ChicagoUniversity of Illinois at Chicago circle logo.pngResearch
Public		Public university in Chicago, Illinois
Wellington CollegeGroup.png
UK/Liberal PartyUK Liberal Party logo.png

 

Births

TitleBornPlace of birthDiedSummaryDescription
George Curzon11 January 1859Derbyshire
Kedleston
UK		20 March 1925Diplomat
Politician		Countries are "pieces on a chessboard, upon which is being played out a game for the domination of the world”
George Lansbury21 February 1859Suffolk
Halesworth
England		7 May 1940Politician
Mansfield Smith-Cumming1 April 1859London
UK		14 June 1923Spook
Deep politician		Head of the organisation which later became MI6
Cyrus McCormick16 May 18591936Financier
Arthur Conan Doyle22 May 1859Scotland
Edinburgh
UK		7 July 1930Author
Doctor		Creator of Sherlock Holmes
Sidney Webb13 July 1859London13 October 1947
John Queeny17 August 185919 March 1933BusinesspersonFounder of infamous Big Chem company Monsanto
William Waldegrave Palmer17 October 185926 February 1942Diplomat
Deep state operative		British politician and colonial administrator. Milner Group/Society of the Elect.
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References

  1. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190608191655/http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/jose-mariano-salas/
  2. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190608191655/https://presidentes.mx/miguel-miramon
  3. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20060202041429/http://www.northrail.org/scripts/static/history.aspx
  4. ↑ http://html.rincondelvago.com/venezuela_4.html Problemas Limítrofes de Venezuela (In Spanish)
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