Difference between revisions of "Dag Hammarskjöld"

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[[File:Dag_Hammarskjöld.jpg|300px|right|thumb|UN Secretary-General [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] killed negotiating peace in the former Belgian Congo, 1961]]
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{{person
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'''Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld''' (29 July 1905 – 18 September 1961) was a Swedish diplomat, economist, and author.
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|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskjöld
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|image=Dag_Hammarskjold.jpg
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|birth_date=29 July 1905
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|death_date=18 September 1961
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|victim_of=premature death
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|isgp=https://isgp-studies.com/dl-1961-09-18-dag-hammarskjold-un-plane-shot-down.php
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|constitutes=diplomat, economist, author
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|description=The 2nd Secretary-General of the United Nations who died in highly suspicious circumstances while trying to make peace in the Congo.
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|alma_mater=Uppsala University, Stockholm University
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|birth_name=Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld
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|birth_place=Jönköping, Sweden
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|death_place=Ndola, Rhodesia and Nyasaland
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|death_place_now=Zambia
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|nationality=Swedish
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|religion=Lutheran
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|sourcewatch=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld
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|employment={{job
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|title=Secretary-General of the United Nations
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|start=10 April 1953
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|end=18 September 1961
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|next=30 November 1961
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}}{{job
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|title=State Secretary for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)
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|start=1949
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|end=1951
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}}
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}}
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[[File:Kennedy_Hammarskjold.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[John F Kennedy]] called [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] "the greatest statesman of the 20th century"]]
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'''Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld''' was [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] from 1953 to 1961. On the night of 17-18 September 1961, in the course of a UN mission to try to bring peace to the former Belgian Congo, Dag Hammarskjöld’s Swedish-owned and crewed plane crashed near Ndola airport in the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). All the passengers and crew died.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/aug/17/archive-dag-hammerskjold-crash-death-1961 "19 September 1961: UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjold dies in plane crash"] from ''The Guardian'' archive</ref> The open verdict reached by a UN Commission of Inquiry in 1961-62 led to [[UN General Assembly]] Resolution 1759 (XVII) of 26 October 1962, which requests the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] to inform [[UNGA]] of "any new evidence which may come to his attention".
  
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Dag Hammarskjöld served as Secretary-General of the United Nations from April 1953 until his death in a plane crash in September 1961. He remains the only UN Secretary-General to die in office, his death occurring when he was ''en route'' to conduct cease-fire negotiations in the former Belgian Congo.
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In 1953 Dag Hammarskjöld's Norwegian predecessor, Trygve Lie, told him: "You are about to take over the most impossible job on earth." During the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism McCarthy witch-hunts] he threw [[J Edgar Hoover]]'s [[FBI]] out of the UN building. He created the UN Emergency Force during the Suez crisis and secured a temporary resolution of the conflict: both the Egyptian President Nasser and Israeli Prime Minister Ben-Gurion trusted him. Significant to this day, he insisted on UN linkage and oversight of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
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Dag Hammarskjöld is among three other people to be awarded a posthumous Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html "Posthumous Nobel Peace Prize"]</ref>
 
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US President John F Kennedy called Dag Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman of our century".<ref name="Linnér">{{cite web | author = Linnér S | year = 2007 | url = http://www.dhf.uu.se/pdffiler/Dh_lecture_2007.pdf | format = PDF | title = Dag Hammarskjöld and the Congo crisis, 1960–61 | page = Page 28 | publisher = Uppsala University}}</ref>
 
  
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Dag Hammarskjöld who was described by [[John F Kennedy]] as "the greatest statesman of the 20th century" was a master of sentences as well as situations, and composed an even better epitaph for himself: "We are not permitted," Hammarskjöld wrote prophetically, "to choose the frame of our destiny. But what we put into it is ours. He who wills adventure will experience it – according to the measure of his courage. He who wills sacrifice will be sacrificed – according to the measure of his purity of heart."<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/may/25/dag-hammarskjold-my-hero-timothy-mo "My hero: Dag Hammarskjöld"] by Timothy Mo</ref>
 
==Early life==
 
==Early life==
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Dag Hammarskjöld was born in Jönköping, Sweden, but spent most of his childhood in Uppsala. The fourth and youngest son of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Prime Minister of Sweden from 1914 to 1917, and Agnes Hammarskjöld (née Almquist), Hammarskjöld's ancestors served the Monarchy of Sweden since the 17th century. He studied first at Katedralskolan, Uppsala and then at Uppsala University. By 1930, he had obtained Licentiate of Philosophy and Master of Laws degrees. Even before he was finished with his law degree he got a job as assistant secretary of the unemployment committee.<ref>[http://www.daghammarskjold.se/biography/#early-life "Biography, at Dag Hammerskjoldse"]</ref>
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Dag Hammarskjöld was born in Jönköping, Sweden, but spent most of his childhood in Uppsala. The fourth and youngest son of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Prime Minister of Sweden from 1914 to 1917, and Agnes Hammarskjöld (née Almquist), Hammarskjöld's ancestors served the Monarchy of Sweden since the 17<sup>th</sup> century. He studied first at Katedralskolan, Uppsala and then at Uppsala University. By 1930, he had obtained Licentiate of Philosophy and Master of Laws degrees. Even before he was finished with his law degree he got a job as assistant secretary of the unemployment committee.<ref>[http://www.daghammarskjold.se/biography/#early-life "Biography, at Dag Hammerskjoldse"]</ref>
  
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From 1930 to 1934, Hammarskjöld was Secretary on a governmental committee on unemployment. During this time he wrote his economics thesis, "''Konjunkturspridningen''" ("The Spread of the Business Cycle"), and received a doctorate from Stockholm University. In 1936, he became a Secretary at the Sveriges Riksbank and was soon promoted. From 1941 to 1948, he served as Chairman of the bank.
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From 1930 to 1934, Hammarskjöld was Secretary on a governmental committee on unemployment. During this time he wrote his economics thesis, "''Konjunkturspridningen''" ("The Spread of the Business Cycle"), and received a doctorate from Stockholm University. In 1936, he became a Secretary at the Sveriges Riksbank and was soon promoted. From 1941 to 1948, he was Chairman of the bank.
  
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Dag Hammarskjöld quickly developed a successful career as a public servant in Sweden. He was secretary of the Riksbank (the central bank of Sweden) 1935–1941, State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance 1936–1945, Governor of the Riksbank 1941–1948, Swedish delegate in the OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Cooperation) 1947–1953, Cabinet Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1949–1951 and minister without portfolio in Tage Erlander's government 1951–1953. He helped coordinate government plans to alleviate the economic problems of the post-war period. He was a delegate to the Paris conference that established the Marshall Plan. In 1950, he became head of the Swedish delegation to UNISCAN. Although Hammarskjöld served in a cabinet dominated by the Swedish Social Democratic Party, he never officially joined any political party. In 1951, Hammarskjöld became Vice Chairman of the Swedish delegation to the United Nations General Assembly in Paris. He became the Chairman of the Swedish delegation to the General Assembly in New York in 1952. On 20 December 1954, he was elected to take his father's vacated seat in the Swedish Academy.
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Dag Hammarskjöld quickly developed a successful career as a public servant in Sweden. He was secretary of the Riksbank (the central bank of Sweden) 1935–1941, State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance 1936–1945, Governor of the Riksbank 1941–1948, Swedish delegate in the OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Cooperation) 1947–1953, Cabinet Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1949–1951 and minister without portfolio in Tage Erlander's government 1951–1953. He helped coordinate government plans to alleviate the economic problems of the post-war period. He was a delegate to the Paris conference that established the Marshall Plan. In 1950, he became head of the Swedish delegation to UNISCAN. Although Hammarskjöld served in a cabinet dominated by the Swedish Social Democratic Party, he never officially joined any political party. In 1951, Hammarskjöld became Vice Chairman of the Swedish delegation to the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in [[Paris]]. He became the Chairman of the Swedish delegation to the General Assembly in New York in 1952. On 20 December 1954, he was elected to take his father's vacated seat in the Swedish Academy.
  
 
==UN Secretary-General==
 
==UN Secretary-General==
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When Trygve Lie resigned from his post as UN Secretary-General in 1953, the United Nations Security Council recommended Hammarskjöld for the post. It came as a surprise to him.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hammarskjöld |last=Sheldon |first=Richard |year=1987 |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |location=New York |isbn=0-87754-529-4 |page=28}}</ref> Seen as a competent technocrat without political views, he was selected on 31 March by a majority of 10 out of eleven Security Council members. The UN General Assembly elected him in the 7–10 April session by 57 votes out of 60. In 1957, he was re-elected.
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When Trygve Lie resigned from his post as [[UN Secretary-General]] in 1953, the United Nations Security Council recommended Hammarskjöld for the post. It came as a surprise to him.<ref>"Hammarskjöld" by Richard Sheldon, page 28, Chelsea House Publishers, New York ISBN 0-87754-529-4 </ref> Seen as a competent technocrat without political views, he was selected on 31 March by a majority of 10 out of eleven Security Council members. The UN General Assembly elected him in the 7–10 April session by 57 votes out of 60. In 1957, he was re-elected.
  
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Hammarskjöld began his term by establishing his own secretariat of 4,000 administrators and setting up regulations that defined their responsibilities. He was also actively engaged in smaller projects relating to the UN working environment. For example, he planned and supervised in every detail the creation of a "meditation room" in the UN headquarters. This is a place dedicated to silence where people can withdraw into themselves, regardless of their faith, creed, or religion.<ref name="un-meditationroom">[http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/meditationroom.htm The Meditation Room in the UN Headquarters]</ref>
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Hammarskjöld began his term by establishing his own secretariat of 4,000 administrators and setting up regulations that defined their responsibilities. He was also actively engaged in smaller projects relating to the UN working environment. For example, he planned and supervised in every detail the creation of a "meditation room" in the UN headquarters. This is a place dedicated to silence where people can withdraw into themselves, regardless of their faith, creed, or religion.<ref>[http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/meditationroom.htm "The Meditation Room in UN Headquarters"]</ref>
  
 
During his term, Hammarskjöld tried to smooth relations between Israel and the Arab states. Other highlights include a 1955 visit to People's Republic of China to negotiate release of 15 captured US pilots who had served in the Korean War, the 1956 establishment of the United Nations Emergency Force, and his intervention in the 1956 Suez Crisis. He is given credit by some historians for allowing participation of the Holy See within the United Nations that year.<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_doc_20020422_tauran_en.html "Holy See's Presence in the International Organisations]</ref>
 
During his term, Hammarskjöld tried to smooth relations between Israel and the Arab states. Other highlights include a 1955 visit to People's Republic of China to negotiate release of 15 captured US pilots who had served in the Korean War, the 1956 establishment of the United Nations Emergency Force, and his intervention in the 1956 Suez Crisis. He is given credit by some historians for allowing participation of the Holy See within the United Nations that year.<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_doc_20020422_tauran_en.html "Holy See's Presence in the International Organisations]</ref>
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==Death==
 
==Death==
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In September 1961, Hammarskjöld learned about fighting between "non-combatant" UN forces and Katangese troops of Moise Tshombe. He was en route to negotiate a cease-fire on 18 September when his Douglas DC-6 airliner SE-BDY crashed near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). Hammarskjöld and fifteen others perished in the crash.
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{{FA|Dag Hammarskjöld/Death}}
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In September 1961, Hammarskjöld learned about fighting between "non-combatant" UN forces and Katangese troops of Moise Tshombe. He was en route to negotiate a cease-fire on 18 September when his Douglas DC-6 airliner SE-BDY crashed near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). Hammarskjöld and fifteen others perished in the crash. A special report issued by the United Nations following the crash stated that a bright flash in the sky was seen at approximately 1:00.<ref>[http://un.org/Depts/dhl/dag/docs/s4940ad5ef.pdf "Special Report on the Fatal Flight of the Secretary-General's Aircraft"]</ref> According to the UN special report, it was this information that resulted in the initiation of search and rescue operations. Initial indications that the crash might not have been an accident led to multiple official inquiries and persistent speculation that the Secretary-General was assassinated. Recent researchers have increasingly suggested that he was [[murder]]ed.
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A special report issued by the United Nations following the crash stated that a bright flash in the sky was seen at approximately 1:00.<ref>[http://un.org/Depts/dhl/dag/docs/s4940ad5ef.pdf "Special Report on the Fatal Flight of the Secretary-General's Aircraft"]</ref> According to the UN special report, it was this information that resulted in the initiation of search and rescue operations. Initial indications that the crash might not have been an accident led to multiple official inquiries and persistent speculation that the Secretary-General was assassinated.
 
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Hammarskjöld's death was a memorable event. The Dag Hammarskjöld Crash Site Memorial is under consideration for inclusion as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. A press release issued by the Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo stated that, "... in order to pay a tribute to this great man, now vanished from the scene, and to his colleagues, all of whom have fallen victim to the shameless intrigues of the great financial Powers of the West... the Government has decided to proclaim Tuesday, 19 September 1961, a day of national mourning."
 
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==Three inquiries==
 
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Following the death of Dag Hammarskjöld, there were three inquiries into the circumstances that led to the crash:<ref>[http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/5069 "Report of the Commission of investigation into the conditions and circumstances resulting in the tragic death of Mr Dag Hammarskjold and members of the party accompanying him"]</ref> the Rhodesian Board of Investigation, the Rhodesian Commission of Inquiry and the United Nations Commission of Investigation.
 
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The Rhodesian Board of Investigation looked into the matter between 19 September 1961 and 2 November 1961 under the command of British Lt Colonel M C B Barber. The Rhodesian Commission of Inquiry held hearings from 16–29 January 1962 without United Nations oversight. The subsequent United Nations Commission of Investigation held a series of hearings in 1962 and in part depended upon the testimony from the previous Rhodesian inquiries. Five "eminent persons" were assigned by the new Secretary-General to the UN Commission. The members of the commission unanimously elected Nepalese diplomat Rishikesh Shaha to head an inquiry.
 
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The three official inquiries failed to determine conclusively the cause of the crash that led to the death of Hammarskjöld. The Rhodesian Board of Investigation sent 180 men to search a six-square-kilometer area of the last sector of the aircraft's flight-path, looking for evidence as to the cause of the crash. No evidence of a bomb, surface-to-air missile, or hijacking was found. The official report stated that two of the dead Swedish bodyguards had suffered multiple bullet wounds. Medical examination, performed by the initial Rhodesian Board of Investigation and reported in the UN official report, indicated that the wounds were superficial, and that the bullets showed no signs of rifling. They concluded that the bullets exploded in the fire in close proximity to the bodyguards. No other evidence of foul play was found in the wreckage of the aircraft.<ref>Macarthur Job, ''Air Disaster Volume 4'', Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 2001 ISBN 1-875671-48-X, p 142</ref>
 
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Previous accounts of a bright flash in the sky were dismissed as occurring too late in the evening to have caused the crash. The UN report speculated that these flashes may have been caused by secondary explosions after the crash. The sole survivor, Sergeant Harold Julien, indicated that there was a series of explosions that preceded the crash.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/18/newsid_3790000/3790079.stm "UN Secretary General killed in air crash"]</ref> The official inquiry found that the statements of witnesses who talked with Julien before he died in hospital five days after the crash<ref>page 36 "The Spectator" 29 October 2011</ref> were inconsistent.
 
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The report states that there were numerous delays that violated the established search and rescue procedures. There were three separate delays: the first delayed the initial alarm of a possible plane in trouble; the second delayed the "distress" alarm, which indicates that communications with surrounding airports indicate that a missing plane has not landed elsewhere; the third delayed the eventual search and rescue operation and the discovery of the plane wreckage, just miles away. The medical examiners report was inconclusive; one report said that Hammarskjöld had died on impact; another stated that Hammarskjöld might have survived had rescue operations not been delayed. The report also said that the chances of Sgt Julien surviving the crash would have been "infinitely" better if the rescue operations had been hastened.
 
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==Alternative theories==
 
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Despite the multiple official inquiries that failed to find evidence of assassination, some continue to believe that the death of Hammarskjöld was not an accident.
 
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At the time of Hammarskjöld's death, Western intelligence agencies were actively involved in the political situation in the Congo, which culminated in Belgian and United States support for the secession of Katanga and the assassination of former prime minister Patrice Lumumba. Belgium and the United Kingdom had a vested interest in maintaining their control over much of the country's copper industry during the Congolese transition from colonialism to independence. Concerns about the nationalisation of the copper industry could have provided a financial incentive to remove either Lumumba or Hammarskjöld.
 
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===Exploding bullets===
 
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The involvement of British officers in commanding the initial inquiries, which provided much of the information about the condition of the plane and the examination of the bodies, has led some to suggest a conflict of interest.<ref>[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n15/hugh01_.html "The Man Who Killed Hammarskjöld?"]</ref> The official report dismissed a number of pieces of evidence that would have supported the view that Hammarskjöld was assassinated. Some of these dismissals have been controversial, such as the conclusion that bullet wounds could have been caused by bullets exploding in a fire. Expert tests have questioned this conclusion, arguing that exploding bullets could not break the surface of the skin. Major C F Westell, a ballistics authority, said: "I can certainly describe as sheer nonsense the statement that cartridges of machine guns or pistols detonated in a fire can penetrate a human body." He based his statement on a large scale experiment that had been done to determine if military fire brigades would be in danger working near munitions depots. Other Swedish experts conducted and filmed tests showing that bullets heated to the point of explosion nonetheless did not achieve sufficient velocity to penetrate their box container.
 
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==="No skeletons in British cupboard"===
 
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Sir Denis Wright, the then British ambassador to Ethiopia, in his annual report for 1961 establishes linkage of Hammarskjold's death to British refusal to allow an Ethiopian military plane carrying troops destined to join the UN mission, landing at Entebbe and over-flying British-controlled Uganda to the Congo. Their refusal was only lifted after the death of the Secretary General. A Foreign Office official noting his comments on file, wrote affirming no "skeletons" in British cupboard and suggesting the Ambassador's comments should be removed from the final, official 'printed' version of the annual report.<ref>P R O FCO 31/165300 Ethiopia: Annual Review of 1961</ref>
 
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===MI6, CIA and BOSS===
 
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On 19 August 1998, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, chairman of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), stated that recently uncovered letters had implicated the British [[MI6]], the American [[CIA]] and South African [[BOSS]] intelligence services in the crash. The letters, headed  "South African Institute for Maritime Research" (SAIMR) — said to be a front company for the South African military — include references to the US Central Intelligence Agency ([[CIA]]) and the British [[MI6]] security service. In a meeting between [[MI6]], special ops executive and the SAIMR, the following emerged from one document marked 'Top Secret': "It is felt that Hammarskjöld should be removed. I want his removal to be handled more efficiently than was Patrice."<ref>[http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1998/98820_0x1539810364.htm "Notes for Media Briefing By Archbishop"] by Desmond Tutu, Chairperson of the Truth And Reconciliation Commission, 19 August 1998</ref>
 
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The CIA last year (1997) opened its files on Cold War assassinations and admitted it ordered the murder of Patrice Lumumba, Congolese independence hero and pro-Soviet prime minister. Another letter headed "Operation Celeste" gives details of orders to plant explosives in the wheel bay of an aircraft primed to go off as the wheels were retracted on takeoff.<ref>[http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/150/32771.html "Letters Say Hammarskjöld Death Western Plot"]</ref>
 
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Archbishop Tutu said that the TRC, whose mandate expired at the end of July 1998, was unable to investigate the truth of the letters or the allegations that South Africa or Western intelligence agencies played a role in Hammarskjöld's aircrash. The British Foreign Office suggested that the letters may have been created in the 1960s as Soviet misinformation or disinformation.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/154384.stm "UN assassination plot denied"]</ref>
 
  
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===Gunshot wound===
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==Hammarskjöld Commission==
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On 29 July 2005, Norwegian Major General Bjørn Egge gave an interview to the newspaper ''Aftenposten'' on the events surrounding Hammarskjöld's death. According to General Egge, who had been the first UN officer to see the body, Hammarskjöld had a hole in his forehead, and this hole was subsequently airbrushed from photos taken of the body. It appeared to Egge that Hammarskjöld had been thrown from the plane, and grass and leaves in his hands might indicate that he survived the crash – and that he had tried to scramble away from the wreckage. Egge does not claim directly that the wound was a gunshot wound.<ref>[http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1087787.ece "Hammarskjöld had a hole in his forehead"]</ref>
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{{FA|Hammarskjöld Commission}}
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[[File:Who_Killed_Hammarskjold.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Dr Susan Williams]]' 2011 book "Who Killed Hammarskjöld?"]]
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In 2011, [[Dr Susan Williams]]’ book "Who Killed Hammarskjöld?" was published.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Who-Killed-Hammarskjld-Supremacy-Africa/dp/184904158X "Who Killed Hammarskjöld?: the UN, the Cold War and White Supremacy in Africa"]</ref> It offered no definite answer to its own question, but it marshalled a striking quantity of evidential material which had come to light in the intervening years. In response to [[Susan Williams|Dr Williams]]’ book, [[Lord Lea of Crondall]] assembled an international [[Enabling Committee]] and invited Sir Stephen Sedley, a recently retired Lord Justice of Appeal for England and Wales, to chair a Commission of Jurists to inquire into the disaster. Justice Wilhelmina Thomassen of the Netherlands, Justice Richard Goldstone of South Africa and Ambassador Hans Corell of Sweden agreed to serve with Sir Stephen as Commissioners.<ref>[http://www.hammarskjoldcommission.org/team/ "Hammarskjöld Commission of Jurists"]</ref>
  
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===Gaddafi calls for UN investigation===
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On 9 September 2013, the [[Hammarskjöld Commission]] report was published.<ref>[http://www.safpi.org/news/article/2013/dag-hammarskj-ld-commission-report "The Dag Hammarskjöld Commission report"]</ref> It recommended reopening the adjourned 1962 United Nations inquiry into the UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld's death on the basis of 'significant new evidence'. UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] thanked the Commission of Jurists for their work and the [[Enabling Committee]] for its initiative in setting up the Commission. He said the UN Secretariat will closely study the findings of the Commission's report.<ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45803&Cr=hammarskj%C3%B6ld&Cr1=#.UjWxr9JJOAh "Ban Ki-moon to study findings of Commission linked to death of former UN chief Hammarskjöld"]</ref>
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In his speech to the 64th session of the United Nations General Assembly on 23 September 2009, [[Colonel Gaddafi]] called upon the Libyan president of UNGA, Ali Treki, to institute a UN investigation into the assassinations of Congolese prime minister, Patrice Lumumba, who was overthrown in 1960 and murdered the following year, and of UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld in 1961.<ref>[http://www.un.org/ga/64/generaldebate/LY.shtml "Gaddafi's address to UN General Assembly"] 23 September 2009</ref>
 
  
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===Plane was shot down===
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The Commission report resurrected a telling comment by former President [[Harry Truman]] to a ''[[New York Times]]'' reporter a day after the plane crash:
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According to a dozen witnesses interviewed by Swedish aid worker Göran Björkdahl in the 2000s, Hammarskjöld's plane was shot down by another aircraft. Björkdahl also reviewed previously unavailable archive documents and internal UN communications. He believes that there was an intentional shootdown for the benefit of mining companies like Union Minière.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/17/dag-hammarskjold-un-secretary-general-crash "Dag Hammarskjöld: evidence suggests UN chief's plane was shot down"]</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/17/dag-hammarskjold-crash-goran-bjorkdahl "I have no doubt Dag Hammarskjöld's plane was brought down"], Göran Björkdahl, ''The Guardian'', 2011 Aug 17</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/sep/16/dag-hammarskjold-call-for-new-inquiry "Call for new inquiry following emergence of new evidence"] ''The Guardian'' 2011 Sept 16</ref> A US intelligence officer who was stationed at an electronic surveillance station in Cyprus stated that he heard a cockpit recording from Ndola. In the cockpit recording a pilot talks of closing in on the DC6 in which Hammarskjold was travelling, guns are heard firing, and then the words "I've hit it".<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14913456, "Dag Hammarskjold: Was His Death a Crash or a Conspiracy?"] ''BBC News Magazine'' 18 Sep 2011</ref>
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:"Dag Hammarskjöld was on the point of getting something done when they killed him," Truman was quoted as saying. When pressed to say to whom "they" referred, Truman replied: "That's all I've got to say on the matter. Draw your own conclusions."<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-hammarskjold-un-plane-crash-death-evidence-20130909,0,5342390.story "'Significant new evidence' cited in 1961 death of U.N.'s Hammarskjöld"]</ref>
  
 
==Honours==
 
==Honours==
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* Hammarskjöld posthumously received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1961, having been nominated before his death.
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* Hammarskjöld posthumously received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1961, having been nominated before his death.<ref>[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html "Posthumous Nobel Peace Prize"]</ref>
 
* Honorary degrees: The Carleton University in Ottawa (then called Carleton College)<ref>[http://admissions.carleton.ca/cu9798uc/aboutcu/Carleton_Through_the_Years.html "Carleton Through the Years"]</ref> awarded its first-ever honorary degree to Hammarskjöld in 1954 when it presented him with a Legum Doctor, ''honoris causa''. The University has continued this tradition by conferring an honorary doctorate upon every subsequent Secretary-General of the United Nations. He also held honorary degrees from Oxford University, England; in the United States from Harvard, Yale, Princeton University, Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, Amherst College, Johns Hopkins, the University of California, and Ohio University; in Sweden, Uppsala University; and in Canada from McGill University as well as Carleton.<ref>[http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/bio.htm "Dag Hammarskjöld: The UN Years"]</ref>
 
* Honorary degrees: The Carleton University in Ottawa (then called Carleton College)<ref>[http://admissions.carleton.ca/cu9798uc/aboutcu/Carleton_Through_the_Years.html "Carleton Through the Years"]</ref> awarded its first-ever honorary degree to Hammarskjöld in 1954 when it presented him with a Legum Doctor, ''honoris causa''. The University has continued this tradition by conferring an honorary doctorate upon every subsequent Secretary-General of the United Nations. He also held honorary degrees from Oxford University, England; in the United States from Harvard, Yale, Princeton University, Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, Amherst College, Johns Hopkins, the University of California, and Ohio University; in Sweden, Uppsala University; and in Canada from McGill University as well as Carleton.<ref>[http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/bio.htm "Dag Hammarskjöld: The UN Years"]</ref>
 
* On 6 April 2011, the Bank of Sweden announced that Hammarskjöld's image will be used on the 1000 Swedish krona banknote, the highest-denomination banknote in Sweden.<ref>[http://www.riksbank.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=46685 "Sweden's new banknotes and coins"]</ref>
 
* On 6 April 2011, the Bank of Sweden announced that Hammarskjöld's image will be used on the 1000 Swedish krona banknote, the highest-denomination banknote in Sweden.<ref>[http://www.riksbank.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=46685 "Sweden's new banknotes and coins"]</ref>
−
 
+
* After Hammarskjöld's death, [[US President]] [[John F Kennedy]] regretted that he opposed the UN policy in the [[Congo]] and said: "I realise now that in comparison to him, I am a small man. He was the greatest statesman of our century."<ref>[http://www.dhf.uu.se/pdffiler/Dh_lecture_2007.pdf "Dag Hammarskjöld and the Congo crisis, 1960–61"]</ref>
−
==Legacy==
 
−
* After Hammarskjöld's death, US President John F Kennedy regretted that he opposed the UN policy in the Congo and said: "I realise now that in comparison to him, I am a small man. He was the greatest statesman of our century."
 
 
* Refusal to resign: One of Hammarskjöld's greatest moments was refusing to give in to Soviet pressure to resign. Dag Hammarskjöld: "It is very easy to bow to the wish of a big power. It is another matter to resist it. If it is the wish of those nations who see the organisation their best protection in the present world, I shall do so again."<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1961/Death-of-Dag-Hammarskj/12295509433760-4/ "UPI Audio: Year (1961) in Review"]</ref>
 
* Refusal to resign: One of Hammarskjöld's greatest moments was refusing to give in to Soviet pressure to resign. Dag Hammarskjöld: "It is very easy to bow to the wish of a big power. It is another matter to resist it. If it is the wish of those nations who see the organisation their best protection in the present world, I shall do so again."<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1961/Death-of-Dag-Hammarskj/12295509433760-4/ "UPI Audio: Year (1961) in Review"]</ref>
−
* In 2011 ''The Financial Times'' reported that Hammarskjöld has remained the benchmark against which later UN Secretary-Generals have been judged.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6ba2edc0-7c3a-11e0-a386-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1LqSIEXQ2 "The road to redemption"]</ref>
+
* In 2011 ''[[The Financial Times]]'' reported that Hammarskjöld has remained the benchmark against which later UN Secretary-Generals have been judged.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6ba2edc0-7c3a-11e0-a386-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1LqSIEXQ2 "The road to redemption"]</ref>
−
* Historians' views:
+
* In an editorial in ''The Guardian'' of 31 December 2014 Dag Hammarskjöld was reported to have said: “Everything will be all right when people, just people, stop thinking of the United Nations as a weird Picasso abstraction and see it as a drawing they made themselves.”<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/31/guardian-view-next-un-secretary-general-appoint-only-on-talent "The Guardian view on the next UN secretary general: let’s appoint only on talent"]</ref>
−
** Historian Paul Kennedy hailed Hammarskjöld in his book ''The Parliament of Man'' as perhaps the greatest UN Secretary-General because of his ability to shape events, in contrast with his successors.
 
−
** On the other hand, the conservative popular historian Paul Johnson in ''A History of the Modern World from 1917 to the 1980s'' (1983) was highly critical of this judgment.
 
−
* Libraries:
 
−
** The Dag Hammarskjöld Library, a part of the United Nations headquarters, was dedicated on 16 November 1961 in honour of the late Secretary-General.
 
−
** Uppsala University: There is also a Dag Hammarskjöld Library at his alma mater, Uppsala University.
 
−
* Buildings and rooms:
 
−
** Columbia University: The School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University in New York has a Dag Hammarskjöld Lounge. The graduate school is dedicated to the principles of international peace and cooperation that Hammarskjöld embodied.
 
−
** Stanford University: Dag Hammarskjöld House on the Stanford University campus is a residence cooperative for undergraduate and graduate students with international backgrounds and interests at Stanford.<ref>[http://www.stanford.edu/group/resed/row/hammarskjold/about.html "Hammarskjold House"]</ref>
 
−
** The [http://genevadiplomacy.com/ Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations] in Geneva, Switzerland has a room named after him.
 
−
** Dag Hammarskjöld Stadium is the main football stadium of Ndola, Zambia. Hammarskjold's ill-fated flight in 1961 crashed in the outskirts of Ndola.
 
−
* Streets:
 
−
** Dag Hammarskjölds Gade is a street in Aalborg, Denmark
 
−
** Dag Hammarskjölds Väg is one of the longest streets in Uppsala, Sweden. There are several other streets in Sweden sharing this name.
 
−
** Dag Hammarskjöld's Allé is a street in Copenhagen, Denmark.
 
−
** The headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL) in Santiago, Chile lies on Avenida Dag Hammarskjöld.
 
−
** The headquarters of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Society for International Cooperation, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit), is on Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg in Eschborn, Germany.
 
−
** Dag Hammarskjöldlaan is a street in the town of Castricum, The Netherlands.
 
−
** Hammarskjöld Road is a road in the Essex town of Harlow, UK.
 
−
* New York City: A Manhattan park near the United Nations headquarters is called the Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, as are several of the surrounding office buildings.
 
−
* Religious commemoration: He is also commemorated as a peacemaker in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 18 September of each year.
 
−
* Schools: A number of schools have been named after Hammarskjöld, including Hammarskjold Middle School in East Brunswick Township, New Jersey; Dag Hammarskjold Middle School in Wallingford, Connecticut; Dag Hammarskjold Elementary School in Parma, Ohio; Dag Hammarskjold Elementary (PS 254) in Brooklyn, New York; Dag Hammarskjold Elementary School in Oakland (now an airport parking business) and Hammarskjold High School in Thunder Bay, Ontario.
 
−
* Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation: In 1962, the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation was created as Sweden's national memorial to Dag Hammarskjöld.<ref>[http://www.interenvironment.org/cipa/dhf.htm "Convening thinkers and doers: Sweden's Dag Hammarskjold Foundation"]</ref>
 
−
* Memorial awards:
 
−
** Medal: On 22 July 1997, the UN Security Council in resolution 1121(1997) established the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal in recognition and commemoration of those who have lost their lives as a result of UN peacekeeping operations.
 
−
** Prize in Peace and Conflict Studies: Colgate University annually awards a student the Dag Hammarskjöld Prize in Peace and Conflict Studies based on outstanding work in the program.<ref>[http://www.colgate.edu/DesktopDefault1.aspx?tabid=3923 "Colgate University: P-CON Fellowships and Awards"]</ref>
 
−
** Medallion by the sculptor Harald Salomon issued in Denmark 1962 to help financing the Danish Foreign Aid Programme.
 
−
* Postage Stamps: Many countries issued postage stamps commemorating Hammarskjöld.<ref>[http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/stamps.htm "Selection of stamps commemorating the life of Dag Hammarskjöld"]</ref> The United Nations Postal Administration issued 5 and 15-cent stamps in 1962. They show the UN flag at half-mast and bear the simple inscription, "XVIII IX MCMLXI". The United States Hammarskjöld commemorative 4-cent value postage stamp, issued on 23 October 1962, was actually released twice. Famous for its misprint, the second issue is often referred to as the Dag Hammarskjöld invert.
 
  
 
==Spirituality and ''Markings''==
 
==Spirituality and ''Markings''==
−
In 1953, soon after his appointment as United Nations Secretary-General, Dag Hammarskjöld was interviewed on radio by Edward R Murrow. In this talk he declared: "But the explanation of how man should live a life of active social service in full harmony with himself as a member of the community of spirit, I found in the writings of those great medieval mystics Meister Eckhart and Jan van Ruysbroek for whom 'self-surrender' had been the way to self-realization, and who in 'singleness of mind' and 'inwardness' had found strength to say yes to every demand which the needs of their neighbours made them face, and to say yes also to every fate life had in store for them when they followed the call of duty as they understood it."<ref>Henry P Van Dusen. Dag Hammarskjold. A Biographical Interpretation of Markings Faber and Faber London 1967 p 47.</ref>
+
In 1953, soon after his appointment as United Nations Secretary-General, Dag Hammarskjöld was interviewed on radio by Edward R Murrow. In this talk he declared: "But the explanation of how man should live a life of active social service in full harmony with himself as a member of the community of spirit, I found in the writings of those great medieval mystics Meister Eckhart and Jan van Ruysbroek for whom 'self-surrender' had been the way to self-realisation, and who in 'singleness of mind' and 'inwardness' had found strength to say yes to every demand which the needs of their neighbours made them face, and to say yes also to every fate life had in store for them when they followed the call of duty as they understood it."
 +
 
 +
His only book, ''Vägmärken'' (''Markings''), was published in 1963. A collection of his diary reflections, the book starts in 1925, when he was 20 years old, and ends at his death in 1961.<ref>[http://www.buzzflash.com/hartmann/05/03/har05003.html "Dag Hammarskjöld's Diary"]</ref> This diary was found in his New York house, after his death, along with an undated letter addressed to then Swedish Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Leif Belfrage. In this letter, Dag writes, "These entries provide the only true 'profile' that can be drawn ... If you find them worth publishing, you have my permission to do so". ''Markings'' was described by a theologian, the late Henry P Van Dusen, as "the noblest self-disclosure of spiritual struggle and triumph, perhaps the greatest testament of personal faith written ... in the heat of professional life and amidst the most exacting responsibilities for world peace and order."<ref>Henry P Van Dusen. Dag Hammarskjold. A Biographical Interpretation of Markings Faber and Faber London 1967 p 5</ref> Hammarskjöld writes, for example, "We are not permitted to choose the frame of our destiny. But what we put into it is ours. He who wills adventure will experience it – according to the measure of his courage. He who wills sacrifice will be sacrificed – according to the measure of his purity of heart." ''Markings'' is characterised by Hammarskjöld's intermingling of prose and haiku poetry in a manner exemplified by the 17th-century Japanese poet Matsuo Bashō in his ''Narrow Roads to the Deep North''. In his foreword to ''Markings'', the English poet [[W H Auden]] quotes Hammarskjöld as stating "In our age, the road to holiness necessarily passes through the world of action."<ref>W H Auden Foreword to Dag Hammarskjöld's ''Markings'' Leif Sjoberg and WH Auden (trans) Faber and Faber London 1964 p 23.</ref>
 +
{{SMWDocs}}
  
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His only book, ''Vägmärken'' (''Markings''), was published in 1963. A collection of his diary reflections, the book starts in 1925, when he was 20 years old, and ends at his death in 1961.<ref>[http://www.buzzflash.com/hartmann/05/03/har05003.html "Dag Hammarskjöld's Diary"]</ref> This diary was found in his New York house, after his death, along with an undated letter addressed to then Swedish Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Leif Belfrage. In this letter, Dag writes, "These entries provide the only true 'profile' that can be drawn ... If you find them worth publishing, you have my permission to do so". The foreword is written by W H Auden, a friend of Dag's.<ref>Auden, with Leif Sjoberg, translated the book into English.</ref> ''Markings'' was described by a theologian, the late Henry P Van Dusen, as "the noblest self-disclosure of spiritual struggle and triumph, perhaps the greatest testament of personal faith written ... in the heat of professional life and amidst the most exacting responsibilities for world peace and order."<ref>Henry P Van Dusen. Dag Hammarskjold. A Biographical Interpretation of Markings Faber and Faber London 1967 p 5</ref> Hammarskjöld writes, for example, "We are not permitted to choose the frame of our destiny. But what we put into it is ours. He who wills adventure will experience it – according to the measure of his courage. He who wills sacrifice will be sacrificed – according to the measure of his purity of heart."<ref>Dag Hammarskjold. Markings Leif Sjoberg and WH Auden (trans) Faber and Faber London 1964 p 63.</ref> ''Markings'' is characterised by Hammarskjöld's intermingling of prose and haiku poetry in a manner exemplified by the 17th-century Japanese poet Matsuo Bashō in his ''Narrow Roads to the Deep North''.<ref>Dag Hammarskjold. Markings Leif Sjoberg and W H Auden (trans) Faber and Faber London 1964 p149</ref> In his foreword to ''Markings'', the English poet W H Auden quotes Hammarskjöld as stating "In our age, the road to holiness necessarily passes through the world of action."<ref>W H Auden Foreword to Dag Hammarskjold. Markings Leif Sjoberg and WH Auden (trans) Faber and Faber London 1964 p 23.</ref>
+
==References==
 +
{{Reflist|2}}
  
 
== Bibliography ==
 
== Bibliography ==
Line 117: Line 86:
 
* Urquhart, Brian, (1972), ''Hammarskjold''. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
 
* Urquhart, Brian, (1972), ''Hammarskjold''. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
 
* Velocci, Giovanni, cssr, (1998), «Hammarskjold Dag», in Luigi Borriello, ocd – Edmondo Caruana, ocarm – Maria Rosaria Del Genio – N. Suffi (dirs.), ''Dizionario di mistica''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano, pp.&nbsp;624–626.
 
* Velocci, Giovanni, cssr, (1998), «Hammarskjold Dag», in Luigi Borriello, ocd – Edmondo Caruana, ocarm – Maria Rosaria Del Genio – N. Suffi (dirs.), ''Dizionario di mistica''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano, pp.&nbsp;624–626.
−
 
−
==See also==
 
−
* [[The how, why and who of Pan Am Flight 103]]
 
−
 
−
==References==
 
−
<references/>
 
−
 
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
 
* [http://archives.un.org/ARMS/Dag-Hammarskjöld Dag Hammarskjöld archives] on [http://archives.un.org/ARMS/ UN Archives website].
 
* [http://archives.un.org/ARMS/Dag-Hammarskjöld Dag Hammarskjöld archives] on [http://archives.un.org/ARMS/ UN Archives website].
Line 130: Line 92:
 
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=68862 Video of Hammarskjöld's funeral in Pathe archive]
 
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=68862 Video of Hammarskjöld's funeral in Pathe archive]
 
* [http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/detail/416/0416742.html UNSG Ban Ki-Moon Lays Wreath Honouring Dag Hammarskjold of 1 October 2009] and [http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/detail/416/0416741.html UNSG] with King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
 
* [http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/detail/416/0416742.html UNSG Ban Ki-Moon Lays Wreath Honouring Dag Hammarskjold of 1 October 2009] and [http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/detail/416/0416741.html UNSG] with King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
−
* [http://www.dhf.uu.se/pdffiler/Kofi%20Annan.pdf UNSG Kofi Annan, ''Dag Hammarskjöld and the 21st century'', The Fourth Dag Hammarskjöld Lecture 6 September 2001, Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation and Uppsala University (pdf)]
+
* [http://www.dhf.uu.se/pdffiler/Kofi%20Annan.pdf UNSG Kofi Annan, ''Dag Hammarskjöld and the 21<sup>st</sup> century'', The Fourth Dag Hammarskjöld Lecture 6 September 2001, Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation and Uppsala University (pdf)]
 
* [http://www.dhf.uu.se/hammarskjold/about-dag-hammarskjold/ About Dag Hammarskjöld] (Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation)
 
* [http://www.dhf.uu.se/hammarskjold/about-dag-hammarskjold/ About Dag Hammarskjöld] (Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation)
 
* [http://www.un.org/sg/formersgs.shtml United Nations Secretaries-General]
 
* [http://www.un.org/sg/formersgs.shtml United Nations Secretaries-General]
Line 140: Line 102:
 
* [http://home.intekom.com/southafricanhistoryonline/pages/chronology/thisday/1961-09-18.htm 18 September 1961 UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld is killed] and [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/18/newsid_3790000/3790079.stm BBC]
 
* [http://home.intekom.com/southafricanhistoryonline/pages/chronology/thisday/1961-09-18.htm 18 September 1961 UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld is killed] and [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/18/newsid_3790000/3790079.stm BBC]
 
* [http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1961/Death-of-Dag-Hammarskj/12295509433760-4/ Audio of Dag Hammarskjold's response to Russian pressure] From UPI Audio Archives
 
* [http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1961/Death-of-Dag-Hammarskj/12295509433760-4/ Audio of Dag Hammarskjold's response to Russian pressure] From UPI Audio Archives
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* [http://www.hurstpublishers.com/who-killed-hammarskjold-and-the-un-in-zambia/ ‘Who Killed Hammarskjöld?’ and the UN in Zambia]
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[[Category:Lockerbie]]
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* [http://www.hurstpublishers.com/crash-of-hammarskjolds-plane-in-1961-vip-planes-dont-crash/ Crash of Hammarskjöld’s Plane in 1961: ‘VIP planes don’t crash…]
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[[Category:Terrorist attack]]
 
  
 
{{PageCredit
 
{{PageCredit

Latest revision as of 15:08, 1 July 2023

Person.png Dag Hammarskjöld   ISGP SourcewatchRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
(diplomat, economist, author)
Dag Hammarskjold.jpg
BornDag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld
29 July 1905
Jönköping, Sweden
Died18 September 1961 (Age 56)
Ndola, Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Now Zambia)
NationalitySwedish
Alma materUppsala University, Stockholm University
ReligionLutheran
Victim ofpremature death
Interest ofHammarskjöld Commission, Susan Williams
Subpage•Dag Hammarskjöld/Premature death
The 2nd Secretary-General of the United Nations who died in highly suspicious circumstances while trying to make peace in the Congo.

Employment.png Secretary-General of the United Nations

In office
10 April 1953 - 18 September 1961
Preceded byTrygve Lie
Succeeded byU Thant
John F Kennedy called Dag Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman of the 20th century"

Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld was Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1953 to 1961. On the night of 17-18 September 1961, in the course of a UN mission to try to bring peace to the former Belgian Congo, Dag Hammarskjöld’s Swedish-owned and crewed plane crashed near Ndola airport in the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). All the passengers and crew died.[1] The open verdict reached by a UN Commission of Inquiry in 1961-62 led to UN General Assembly Resolution 1759 (XVII) of 26 October 1962, which requests the Secretary-General to inform UNGA of "any new evidence which may come to his attention".

In 1953 Dag Hammarskjöld's Norwegian predecessor, Trygve Lie, told him: "You are about to take over the most impossible job on earth." During the McCarthy witch-hunts he threw J Edgar Hoover's FBI out of the UN building. He created the UN Emergency Force during the Suez crisis and secured a temporary resolution of the conflict: both the Egyptian President Nasser and Israeli Prime Minister Ben-Gurion trusted him. Significant to this day, he insisted on UN linkage and oversight of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

Dag Hammarskjöld who was described by John F Kennedy as "the greatest statesman of the 20th century" was a master of sentences as well as situations, and composed an even better epitaph for himself: "We are not permitted," Hammarskjöld wrote prophetically, "to choose the frame of our destiny. But what we put into it is ours. He who wills adventure will experience it – according to the measure of his courage. He who wills sacrifice will be sacrificed – according to the measure of his purity of heart."[2]

Early life

Dag Hammarskjöld was born in Jönköping, Sweden, but spent most of his childhood in Uppsala. The fourth and youngest son of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Prime Minister of Sweden from 1914 to 1917, and Agnes Hammarskjöld (née Almquist), Hammarskjöld's ancestors served the Monarchy of Sweden since the 17th century. He studied first at Katedralskolan, Uppsala and then at Uppsala University. By 1930, he had obtained Licentiate of Philosophy and Master of Laws degrees. Even before he was finished with his law degree he got a job as assistant secretary of the unemployment committee.[3]

From 1930 to 1934, Hammarskjöld was Secretary on a governmental committee on unemployment. During this time he wrote his economics thesis, "Konjunkturspridningen" ("The Spread of the Business Cycle"), and received a doctorate from Stockholm University. In 1936, he became a Secretary at the Sveriges Riksbank and was soon promoted. From 1941 to 1948, he was Chairman of the bank.

Dag Hammarskjöld quickly developed a successful career as a public servant in Sweden. He was secretary of the Riksbank (the central bank of Sweden) 1935–1941, State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance 1936–1945, Governor of the Riksbank 1941–1948, Swedish delegate in the OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Cooperation) 1947–1953, Cabinet Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1949–1951 and minister without portfolio in Tage Erlander's government 1951–1953. He helped coordinate government plans to alleviate the economic problems of the post-war period. He was a delegate to the Paris conference that established the Marshall Plan. In 1950, he became head of the Swedish delegation to UNISCAN. Although Hammarskjöld served in a cabinet dominated by the Swedish Social Democratic Party, he never officially joined any political party. In 1951, Hammarskjöld became Vice Chairman of the Swedish delegation to the United Nations General Assembly in Paris. He became the Chairman of the Swedish delegation to the General Assembly in New York in 1952. On 20 December 1954, he was elected to take his father's vacated seat in the Swedish Academy.

UN Secretary-General

When Trygve Lie resigned from his post as UN Secretary-General in 1953, the United Nations Security Council recommended Hammarskjöld for the post. It came as a surprise to him.[4] Seen as a competent technocrat without political views, he was selected on 31 March by a majority of 10 out of eleven Security Council members. The UN General Assembly elected him in the 7–10 April session by 57 votes out of 60. In 1957, he was re-elected.

Hammarskjöld began his term by establishing his own secretariat of 4,000 administrators and setting up regulations that defined their responsibilities. He was also actively engaged in smaller projects relating to the UN working environment. For example, he planned and supervised in every detail the creation of a "meditation room" in the UN headquarters. This is a place dedicated to silence where people can withdraw into themselves, regardless of their faith, creed, or religion.[5]

During his term, Hammarskjöld tried to smooth relations between Israel and the Arab states. Other highlights include a 1955 visit to People's Republic of China to negotiate release of 15 captured US pilots who had served in the Korean War, the 1956 establishment of the United Nations Emergency Force, and his intervention in the 1956 Suez Crisis. He is given credit by some historians for allowing participation of the Holy See within the United Nations that year.[6]

In 1960, the former Belgian Congo and then newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo asked for UN aid in defusing the Congo Crisis. Hammarskjöld made four trips to the Congo. His efforts towards the decolonisation of Africa were considered insufficient by the Soviet Union; in September 1960, the Soviet government denounced his decision to send a UN emergency force to keep the peace. They demanded his resignation and the replacement of the office of Secretary-General by a three-man directorate with a built-in veto, the "troika". The objective was, citing the memoirs of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, to "equally represent interests of three groups of countries: capitalist, socialist and recently independent."[7][8]

Death

Full article: Dag Hammarskjöld/Death

In September 1961, Hammarskjöld learned about fighting between "non-combatant" UN forces and Katangese troops of Moise Tshombe. He was en route to negotiate a cease-fire on 18 September when his Douglas DC-6 airliner SE-BDY crashed near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). Hammarskjöld and fifteen others perished in the crash. A special report issued by the United Nations following the crash stated that a bright flash in the sky was seen at approximately 1:00.[9] According to the UN special report, it was this information that resulted in the initiation of search and rescue operations. Initial indications that the crash might not have been an accident led to multiple official inquiries and persistent speculation that the Secretary-General was assassinated. Recent researchers have increasingly suggested that he was murdered.

Hammarskjöld Commission

Full article: Hammarskjöld Commission
Dr Susan Williams' 2011 book "Who Killed Hammarskjöld?"

In 2011, Dr Susan Williams’ book "Who Killed Hammarskjöld?" was published.[10] It offered no definite answer to its own question, but it marshalled a striking quantity of evidential material which had come to light in the intervening years. In response to Dr Williams’ book, Lord Lea of Crondall assembled an international Enabling Committee and invited Sir Stephen Sedley, a recently retired Lord Justice of Appeal for England and Wales, to chair a Commission of Jurists to inquire into the disaster. Justice Wilhelmina Thomassen of the Netherlands, Justice Richard Goldstone of South Africa and Ambassador Hans Corell of Sweden agreed to serve with Sir Stephen as Commissioners.[11]

On 9 September 2013, the Hammarskjöld Commission report was published.[12] It recommended reopening the adjourned 1962 United Nations inquiry into the UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld's death on the basis of 'significant new evidence'. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon thanked the Commission of Jurists for their work and the Enabling Committee for its initiative in setting up the Commission. He said the UN Secretariat will closely study the findings of the Commission's report.[13]

The Commission report resurrected a telling comment by former President Harry Truman to a New York Times reporter a day after the plane crash:

"Dag Hammarskjöld was on the point of getting something done when they killed him," Truman was quoted as saying. When pressed to say to whom "they" referred, Truman replied: "That's all I've got to say on the matter. Draw your own conclusions."[14]

Honours

  • Hammarskjöld posthumously received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1961, having been nominated before his death.[15]
  • Honorary degrees: The Carleton University in Ottawa (then called Carleton College)[16] awarded its first-ever honorary degree to Hammarskjöld in 1954 when it presented him with a Legum Doctor, honoris causa. The University has continued this tradition by conferring an honorary doctorate upon every subsequent Secretary-General of the United Nations. He also held honorary degrees from Oxford University, England; in the United States from Harvard, Yale, Princeton University, Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, Amherst College, Johns Hopkins, the University of California, and Ohio University; in Sweden, Uppsala University; and in Canada from McGill University as well as Carleton.[17]
  • On 6 April 2011, the Bank of Sweden announced that Hammarskjöld's image will be used on the 1000 Swedish krona banknote, the highest-denomination banknote in Sweden.[18]
  • After Hammarskjöld's death, US President John F Kennedy regretted that he opposed the UN policy in the Congo and said: "I realise now that in comparison to him, I am a small man. He was the greatest statesman of our century."[19]
  • Refusal to resign: One of Hammarskjöld's greatest moments was refusing to give in to Soviet pressure to resign. Dag Hammarskjöld: "It is very easy to bow to the wish of a big power. It is another matter to resist it. If it is the wish of those nations who see the organisation their best protection in the present world, I shall do so again."[20]
  • In 2011 The Financial Times reported that Hammarskjöld has remained the benchmark against which later UN Secretary-Generals have been judged.[21]
  • In an editorial in The Guardian of 31 December 2014 Dag Hammarskjöld was reported to have said: “Everything will be all right when people, just people, stop thinking of the United Nations as a weird Picasso abstraction and see it as a drawing they made themselves.”[22]

Spirituality and Markings

In 1953, soon after his appointment as United Nations Secretary-General, Dag Hammarskjöld was interviewed on radio by Edward R Murrow. In this talk he declared: "But the explanation of how man should live a life of active social service in full harmony with himself as a member of the community of spirit, I found in the writings of those great medieval mystics Meister Eckhart and Jan van Ruysbroek for whom 'self-surrender' had been the way to self-realisation, and who in 'singleness of mind' and 'inwardness' had found strength to say yes to every demand which the needs of their neighbours made them face, and to say yes also to every fate life had in store for them when they followed the call of duty as they understood it."

His only book, Vägmärken (Markings), was published in 1963. A collection of his diary reflections, the book starts in 1925, when he was 20 years old, and ends at his death in 1961.[23] This diary was found in his New York house, after his death, along with an undated letter addressed to then Swedish Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Leif Belfrage. In this letter, Dag writes, "These entries provide the only true 'profile' that can be drawn ... If you find them worth publishing, you have my permission to do so". Markings was described by a theologian, the late Henry P Van Dusen, as "the noblest self-disclosure of spiritual struggle and triumph, perhaps the greatest testament of personal faith written ... in the heat of professional life and amidst the most exacting responsibilities for world peace and order."[24] Hammarskjöld writes, for example, "We are not permitted to choose the frame of our destiny. But what we put into it is ours. He who wills adventure will experience it – according to the measure of his courage. He who wills sacrifice will be sacrificed – according to the measure of his purity of heart." Markings is characterised by Hammarskjöld's intermingling of prose and haiku poetry in a manner exemplified by the 17th-century Japanese poet Matsuo Bashō in his Narrow Roads to the Deep North. In his foreword to Markings, the English poet W H Auden quotes Hammarskjöld as stating "In our age, the road to holiness necessarily passes through the world of action."[25]

 

Related Quotation

PageQuoteAuthorDate
Encyclopedia of Domestic Assassinations<nowiki>“[[[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] Dag Hammarskjöld] was on the point of getting something done when they killed him. Notice that I said "when they killed him."”</nowiki>Harry S. Truman1961

 

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References

  1. ↑ "19 September 1961: UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjold dies in plane crash" from The Guardian archive
  2. ↑ "My hero: Dag Hammarskjöld" by Timothy Mo
  3. ↑ "Biography, at Dag Hammerskjoldse"
  4. ↑ "Hammarskjöld" by Richard Sheldon, page 28, Chelsea House Publishers, New York ISBN 0-87754-529-4
  5. ↑ "The Meditation Room in UN Headquarters"
  6. ↑ "Holy See's Presence in the International Organisations
  7. ↑ "Replacing the UN Secretary-General by a 'troika'" (in Russian)
  8. ↑ "Dag Hammarskjøld Foundation"
  9. ↑ "Special Report on the Fatal Flight of the Secretary-General's Aircraft"
  10. ↑ "Who Killed Hammarskjöld?: the UN, the Cold War and White Supremacy in Africa"
  11. ↑ "Hammarskjöld Commission of Jurists"
  12. ↑ "The Dag Hammarskjöld Commission report"
  13. ↑ "Ban Ki-moon to study findings of Commission linked to death of former UN chief Hammarskjöld"
  14. ↑ "'Significant new evidence' cited in 1961 death of U.N.'s Hammarskjöld"
  15. ↑ "Posthumous Nobel Peace Prize"
  16. ↑ "Carleton Through the Years"
  17. ↑ "Dag Hammarskjöld: The UN Years"
  18. ↑ "Sweden's new banknotes and coins"
  19. ↑ "Dag Hammarskjöld and the Congo crisis, 1960–61"
  20. ↑ "UPI Audio: Year (1961) in Review"
  21. ↑ "The road to redemption"
  22. ↑ "The Guardian view on the next UN secretary general: let’s appoint only on talent"
  23. ↑ "Dag Hammarskjöld's Diary"
  24. ↑ Henry P Van Dusen. Dag Hammarskjold. A Biographical Interpretation of Markings Faber and Faber London 1967 p 5
  25. ↑ W H Auden Foreword to Dag Hammarskjöld's Markings Leif Sjoberg and WH Auden (trans) Faber and Faber London 1964 p 23.

Bibliography

  • Durel, Bernard, op, (2002), «Au jardin secret d’un diplomate suédois: Jalons de Dag Hammarskjöld, un itinéraire spirituel», La Vie Spirituelle (Paris). T. 82, pp. 901–922.
  • Lipsey, Roger Hammarskjold: A Life (University of Michigan Press; 2013) 670 pages; scholarly biography
  • Urquhart, Brian, (1972), Hammarskjold. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  • Velocci, Giovanni, cssr, (1998), «Hammarskjold Dag», in Luigi Borriello, ocd – Edmondo Caruana, ocarm – Maria Rosaria Del Genio – N. Suffi (dirs.), Dizionario di mistica. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano, pp. 624–626.

External links

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